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Javier Martinez - Chile: The Great Transformation

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Two Chilean scholars and activists cut through the rhetoric surrounding the Chilean miracle and provide an integrated analysis of the process of socioeconomic and political change that transformed their country between 1970 and 1990.

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title Chile the Great Transformation author Martinez Bengoa - photo 1

title:Chile, the Great Transformation
author:Martinez Bengoa, Javier.; Diaz Perez, Alvaro H.
publisher:Brookings Institution Press
isbn10 | asin:0815754787
print isbn13:9780815754787
ebook isbn13:9780585175690
language:English
subjectChile--Economic conditions--1973-1988, Chile--Economic conditions--1988- , Chile--Politics and government--1973-
publication date:1996
lcc:HC192.M34 1996eb
ddc:338.983
subject:Chile--Economic conditions--1973-1988, Chile--Economic conditions--1988- , Chile--Politics and government--1973-
Page iii
Chile
The Great Transformation
Javier Martnez and Alvaro Daz
The Brookings Institution Washington, D.C.
and
The United Nations Research Institute for
Social Development Geneva
Page iv
Copyright (c) 1996 by
The UnitedNations Research Institute For Social Development (UNRISD)
Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data:
Martnez Bengoa, Javier.
Chile, the great transformation / Javier Martnez, Alvaro Daz.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-8157-5478-7 (cl : alk. paper). - ISBN 0-8157-5477-9 (pa :
alk. paper)
1. Chile-Economic conditions-1973-1988. 2. Chile-Economic
conditions-1988- 3. Chile-Politics and government-1973
I. Daz Prez, Alvaro H. II. Title.
HC192.M34 1996
338.983-dc20Picture 2 95-52628
CIP
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of the American National Standard for
Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984
Set in Garamond Book
Composition by Harlowe Typography Inc., Cottage City, Maryland
Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Harrisonburg, Virginia
Page v
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
The Brookings Institution is an independent, nonprofit organization devoted to nonpartisan research, education, and publication in economics, government, foreign policy, and the social sciences generally. Its principal purposes are to aid in the development of sound public policies and to promote public understanding of issues of national importance. The Institution was founded on December 8, 1927, to merge the activities of the Institute for Government Research, founded in 1916, the Institute of Economics, founded in 1922, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics, founded in 1924.
The Institution maintains a position of neutrality on issues of public policy to safeguard the intellectual freedom of the staff. Interpretations or conclusions in Brookings publications should be understood to be solely those of the authors.
THE UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (UNRISD)
The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multi-disciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary development problems. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, developing agencies, grassroots organisations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries.
Its research themes include The Challenging of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies; Integrating Gender into Development Policy; Environment, Sustainable Development and Social Change; Crisis, Adjustment and Social Change; Participation and Changes in Property Relations in Communist and Post-Communist Societies; Ethnic Conflict and Development; Political Violence and Social Movements; and Socio-Economic and Political Consequences of the International Trade in Illicit Drugs. UNRISD research projects focused on the 1995 World Summit for Social Development included Rethinking Social Development in the 1990s; Economic Restructuring and Social Policy; Ethnic Diversity and Public Policies; and Social Integration at the Grassroots: The Urban Dimension. A list of the Institute's free and priced publications can be obtained by writing: UNRISD, Reference Centre, Palais des Nations, CH-1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland.
Page vii
To the memory of
Fernando Fajnzylber
Page ix
Preface
The international development community is often too quick to generalize. When one country or region adapts relatively successfully to economic crisis, for example, others are immediately urged to emulate its policies, without necessarily giving sufficient attention to the specific nature of local society or to the historical foundations of local institutions.
This could certainly be said of the Chilean "success story" in the field of structural adjustment and market reform. Governments from Russia and Mexico to Bangladesh have frequently been urged to follow the Chilean example. But since the resource endowments, cultures, demographics, and economic and political systems of these countries may differ markedly from those of Chile, there is no reason to expect that transplanted policies will produce a standard result.
Chile is a small, highly urbanized country with a relatively strong tradition of parliamentary democracy and judicial independence, as well as a system of public services well known in Latin America for its efficiency and lack of corruption. Its population density and birth rate are low, and (when compared with many other societies) its culture is homogeneous. Nevertheless, like many other Latin American countries, Chile long suffered the economic difficulties associated with dependence upon the export of primary products and the unresolved tensions of industrialization within small, protected markets. By the early 1970s, the country was involved in a highly contentious transition to socialism, under a democratically elected government, which ended in one of the bloodiest military coups of recent Latin American history. Free-market restructuring was subsequently carried out within a strongly authoritarian context by a government that could seriously affect the interests of allies, as well as opponents, with impunity.
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