Gary E. Varner - In Natures Interests?: Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics (Environmental Ethics and Science Policy)
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In Natures Interests?: Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics (Environmental Ethics and Science Policy)
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This book offers a powerful response to what Varner calls the two dogmas of environmental ethics--the assumptions that animal rights philosophies and anthropocentric views are each antithetical to sound environmental policy. Allowing that every living organism has interests which ought, other things being equal, to be protected, Varner contends that some interests take priority over others. He defends both a sentientist principle giving priority to the lives of organisms with conscious desires and an anthropocentric principle giving priority to certain very inclusive interests which only humans have. He then shows that these principles not only comport with but provide significant support for environmental goals.
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Environmental Ethics and Science Policy Series GENERAL EDITOR: KRISTIN SCHRADER-FRECHETTE
ACCEPTABLE EVIDENCE Science and Values in Risk Management Edited by Deborah Mayo and Rachelle D. Hollander
EXPERTS IN UNCERTAINTY Opinion and Subjective Probability in Science Roger M. Cooke
REGULATING TOXIC SUBSTANCES A Philosophy of Science and the Law Carl F. Cranor
IN NATURE'S INTERESTS? Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics Gary E. Varner
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In Nature's Interests?
Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics
Gary E. Varner
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Oxford University Press
Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogot Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris So Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw
and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan
Copyright 1998 by Gary E. Varner
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Varner, Gary E. (Gary Edward), 1957 In nature's interests? : interests, animal rights, and environmental ethics / Gary E. Varner. p. cm.(Environmental ethics and science policy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-510865-5 1. Environmental ethics. 2. Animal rights. 3. Environmentalists Attitude. 4. Philosophy of nature. I. Title. Series: Environmental ethics and science policy. GE42.V38 1998 179'.1dc21 97-28389
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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For Nanci and Spunky who take no interest in such things
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Acknowledgments
A number of readers and audiences provided me with valuable feedback during the composition of this book.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 began as chapters in my doctoral dissertation, which was finally completed a year after my advisor, Jon Moline, had left the University of Wisconsin-Madison to become Vice President and Dean of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. I appreciated the way Jon stuck with that project while both his mind and his body were elsewhere.
Most of the chapters have benefited from being presented in whole or in part to philosophy departments or conferences. Parts of chapter 1 were presented to the Mountains-Plains Philosophical Association's annual meeting (October 1991) and to the International Society for Environmental Ethics (December 1991) under the titles "No Sympathy for Systems: Humean-Smithian Moral Psychology and the Foundations of the Leopold Land Ethic" and "A Critique of Environmental Holism," respectively. Versions of chapter 2 were presented to the Illinois Philosophical Association's annual meeting (October 1987) and to the philosophy departments at Washington University in St. Louis (1988) and Texas A&M University (1990). A version of chapter 3 was presented to the Philosophy Department at Texas A&M University (spring 1989) as part of a job interview. A version of chapter 4 was presented (spring 1993) to the same department after they gave me a job. I'm glad they gave me a job. It's been a nice place to teach and write.
Over the years, I have also benefited from informal discussions of the positions defended in this book, especially with my very constructively critical colleague Colin Allen, and with Edwin Hettinger, Bill Throop, and Gary Comstock, who seem to turn up at the same conferences I do. And late in the process of composition, Richard "Red" Watson sloughed through the entire manuscript, spilled barrels of red ink on it, and forced me to eliminate forms of speech with unintended ontological implications.
Portions of the manuscript have appeared previously in print. Much of chapter 3 and almost all of chapter 5 appeared as (respectively) "Biological Functions and Biological Interests," Southern Journal of Philosophy 27 (1990): 251-70, and
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"Can Animal Rights Activists Be Environmentalists?" in Donald Marietta and Lester Embree, eds., Environmental Philosophy and Environmental Activism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), 169-201. Both are reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, eds., People, Penguins, and Plastic Trees, 2nd ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1994). Small portions of chapters 1 and 5 appeared in my review of Eugene C. Hargrove, The Animal Rights/Environmental Ethics Debate: The Environmental Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), in Environmental Ethics 15 (1993): 279-82. Some of the material from chapter 6 was temporarily available as a discussion paper from Texas A&M's Center for Biotechnology Policy and Ethics, under the title "Environmental Ethics: Conservation or Preservation?" I am indebted to the Center's Director, Paul Thompson, for funding a half-time release from teaching during the 1990-91 and 1991-92 academic years, during which the introduction and chapter 1 were written.
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