Steven R. Weisman - The Chosen Wars: How Judaism Became an American Religion
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The Chosen Warsis the important story of how Judaism enhanced America and how America inspired Judaism.
Steven R. Weisman tells the dramatic history of how Judaism redefined itself in America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesthe personalities that fought each other and shaped its evolution and, crucially, the force of the American dynamic that transformed an ancient religion.
The struggles that produced a redefinition of Judaism illuminate the larger American experience and the efforts by all Americans to reconcile their faith with modern demands. The narrative begins with the arrival of the first Jews in New Amsterdam and plays out over the nineteenth century as a massive immigration takes place at the dawn of the twentieth century.
First there was the practical matter of earning a living. Many immigrants had to work on the Sabbath or traveled as peddlers to places where they could not keep kosher. Doctrine was put aside or adjusted. To take their places as equals, American Jews rejected their identity as a separate nation within America. Judaism became an American religion.
These profound changes did not come without argument.The Chosen Warstells the stories of the colorful rabbis and activists, including women, who defined American Judaism and whose disputes divided it into the Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox branches that remain today. Isaac Mayer Wise, Mordecai Noah, David Einhorn, Rebecca Gratz, and Isaac Lesser are some of the major figures in this wonderful story.
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ALSO BY STEVEN R. WEISMAN
The Great Tradeoff: Confronting Moral Conflicts in the Era of Globalization
The Great Tax Wars
Daniel Patrick Moynihan: A Portrait in Letters of an American Visionary (editor)
Simon & Schuster
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Copyright 2018 by Steven R. Weisman
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information, address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition August 2018
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Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui
Illustration by Tom McKeveny
Jacket Design By Tom Mckeveny
Flame Image By Parja Studio/Shutterstock
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Weisman, Steven R., author.
Title: The chosen wars : how Judaism became an American religion / Steven R. Weisman.
Description: New York : Simon & Schuster, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017059402 (print) | LCCN 2017058478 (ebook) | ISBN 9781416573265 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781416573272 (trade pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781416578994 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: JudaismUnited StatesHistory18th century. | JudaismUnited StatesHistory19th century.
Classification: LCC BM205 .W45 2018 (ebook) | LCC BM205 (print) | DDC 296.0973dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059402
ISBN 978-1-4165-7326-5
ISBN 978-1-4165-7899-4 (ebook)
For Elisabeth
Twelfth century: Maimonides writes Guide for the Perplexed.
1492: Spanish Inquisition, Jews expelled from Spain and later Portugal; Columbus discovers America, probably with Jews aboard.
1517: Martin Luther posts 95 Theses, starts Protestant revolution.
1543: Copernicus publishes heliocentric model of Earth revolving around sun.
1563: Joseph Caro organizes rabbinical teachings into Shulchan Aruch (The Set Table).
1654: First Jews arrive as a group on American shores (New Amsterdam) aboard the Ste. Catherine , establish Shearith Israel in New York.
1656: Spinoza excommunicated in Netherlands.
1664: British seize New York from Dutch.
1679: Synagogue in Prague installs an organ.
1695: First Jews in South Carolina.
1720: Ashkenazim become majority of Jews in New York.
1730s40s: First Great Awakening, pressure on Jews to convert.
1740: Jews granted naturalization rights in colonies.
1749: Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim established in Charleston.
1768: Gershom Mendes Seixas elected spiritual leader of Shearith Israel in New York.
1776: American Revolution, British capture New York; Seixas flees the city.
1783: Moses Mendelssohn publishes Jerusalem in Berlin.
1790: Washingtons letter to the Jews of Newport, Rhode Island.
1790: Shearith Israel establishes bill of rights for Congregation.
1791: Jews granted citizenship in France.
1795: First Ashkenazi synagogue in America (Rodeph Shalom) in Philadelphia.
1800: Charleston has largest Jewish community in the United States: five hundred people.
1800 and after: The Second Great Awakening.
1810: Seesen Temple in Germany becomes first Reform synagogue.
1818: Hamburg Temple installs an organ.
1819: Society for the Culture and Science of Judaism established in Germany.
1819: Rebecca Gratz establishes Female Hebrew Benevolent Society in Philadelphia.
1819: Hep-hep riots in Germany.
1824: Isaac Leeser emigrates to America at age 18.
1824: Dissenters at Beth Elohim create Reformed Society in Charleston, declaring this country is our Palestine.
1825: Bnai Jeshurun (Ashkenazi) breaks away from Shearith Israel, second synagogue in New York City.
1825: Mixed choir introduced in Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Mordecai Manuel Noah seeks Jewish refuge on Niagara River.
1826: Maryland Jew Bill adopted and grants Jews full rights.
1830: German migration to the United States surges.
1830: Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell posits that earth is hundreds of millions of years old; Leeser delivers first sermon in English at Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia.
1836: Benjamin Silliman says six-thousand-year-old Earth should not be taken literally.
1837: Joseph Seligman arrives in the United States.
1838: K. K. Beth Elohim synagogue destroyed by fire in Charleston; the first Jewish Sunday school established in Philadelphia.
1840: There are fifteen thousand Jews in the United States, up from three thousand a decade earlier.
1840: Abraham Rice first ordained rabbi to settle in the United States.
1840: Damascus affair; thirteen Jews accused of murdering a priest.
1840s: The first rabbis (at least eleven) come to America from Germany. There are eighteen formally organized congregations in the United States and a proliferation of synagogues in major cities.
1841: Beth Elohim in Charleston reopens with organ.
1843: The lawsuit over an organ goes to court in Charleston.
1842: New York City forbids religious instruction in schools.
1842: Har Sinai Verein in Baltimore, first Reform congregation in America, adopts Hamburg prayer book.
1843: Bnai Brith established; The Occident started by Leeser.
1846: Isaac Mayer Wise arrives in America, settles later in Albany; Rabbi Max Lilienthal tries to launch beit din.
1846: Court of Appeals in South Carolina upholds Beth Elohims right to install an organ.
1847: Wise and Leeser meet in Albany; Wise first proposes Minhag America as prayer book.
1848: German and French uprisings, Jews flee in larger numbers.
1849: The Asmonean is founded by Robert Lyon; Rabbi Morris Raphall arrives in America; Wise renews his contract in Albany; Wises daughter dies.
1850: Wise attends debate in South Carolina, later dismissed at Beth El in Albany.
1851: Wise establishes mixed seating in Albany.
1851: Edward Hitchcocks The Religion of Geology and Its Related Science is published.
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