Selina OGrady - In the Name of God: The Role of Religion in the Modern World: A History of Judeo-Christian and Islamic Tolerance

A LSO BY S ELINA OG RADY

And Man Created God

I N THE N AME OF G OD

Pegasus Books, Ltd.

West 37th Street, 13th Floor

New York, NY 10018

Copyright 2020 by Selina OGrady

First Pegasus Books hardcover edition June 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher, except by reviewers who may quote brief excerpts in connection with a review in a newspaper, magazine, or electronic publication; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other, without written permission from the publisher.

Jacket design by Faceout Studio, Spencer Fuller

Cover painting by Bridgeman Images

ISBN: 978-1-64313-507-6

ISBN: 978-1-64313-513-7 (eBook)

Distributed by Simon & Schuster

To Tony for his endless capacity to amaze intellectually

To Anna and Sibby who went way beyond tolerating me

And to Graeme Mitchison 19442018

First section

1. Graffiti depicting the crucifixion, 200 CE (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
2. Arab Armies besiege and conquer Syracuse, Sicily, illustration from the twelfth-century illuminated manuscript the Madrid Skylites
3. A Christian and a Muslim play ouds, illustration from Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X, c. 122184 (Interfoto/Alamy Stock Photo)
4. Caravan of pilgrims, miniature by Yahya ibn Mahmud al Wasiti, published in Bagdad, 1237 (Interfoto/Alamy Stock Photo)
5. A depiction of a late sixteenth-century observatory in Constantinople, c. 157495 (The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
6. Abbey cellarer, illumination from a copy of Li livres dou sant by Aldobrandino of Siena, late thirteenth century (Wikimedia Commons)
7. Cluny Abbey (Pascale Gueret/Shutterstock.com)
8. The Holy Roman emperor Henry IV begs for Pope Gregory VIIs forgiveness at Canossa (akg-images/Album/Oronoz)
9. Depiction of Abu Bakr, 1413 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
10. Peter the Hermit, miniature from the Egerton Manuscript, eleventh century (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)
11. Saladin, after a contemporary miniature, c. 1180 (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images)
12. The earliest surviving caricature of Jews, 1233 (The National Archives)
13. Mahmud Ghazan Khan, illustration from Jami al Tawarikh by Rashid ad-Din, fourteenth century (DEA Picture Library/Getty Images)
14. Depiction of the plague, miniature from the Toggenburg Bible, 1411 (Wikimedia Commons)
15. A contemporary drawing of the Jews of Strasbourg being burned to death on 14 February 1349 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
16. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, anonymous portrait, c. 1469 (ART Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
17. Portrait of Tomas de Torquemada, Spains first Grand Inquisitor (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
18. Painting of the Madrid auto-de-f in 1680 by Francisco Ricci (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
19. Granada, Spain (Shchipkova Elena/Shutterstock.com)

Second section

1. Portrait of Martin Luther by Cranach the Younger, 1564 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
2. Portrait of John Calvin by Titian, sixteenth century (Historic Images/Alamy Stock Photo)
3. Portrait of Charles V by Titian, 1548 (Artepics/Alamy Stock Photo)
4. Engraving of Michael Servetus (Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo)
5. A Young Woman and Her Little Boy by Angelino Bronzino, c. 1540 (Widener Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., USA)
6. Portrait of Suleiman I by Sinan Bey, sixteenth century (World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo)
7. Portrait of Shah Ismail I (The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
8. The Hanging by Jacques Callot, 1633 (Wikimedia Commons)
9. The Ratification of the Treaty of Mnster, 15 May 1648 by Gerard ter Borch, 1648 (Wikimedia Commons)
10. Print of Roger Williams (Bettman/Getty Images)
11. Portrait of Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, c. 167080 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
12. Portrait of Voltaire by Maurice Quentin de La Tour, 1735 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
13. Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau by Maurice Quentin de La Tour, 1753 (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
14. Portrait of Robespierre, c. 1790 (The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
15. Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, 1867 by Jean-Leon Gerome, 1868 (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)
16. Lavater and Lessing Visit Moses Mendelssohn by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, 1856 (Wikimedia Commons)
17. Portrait of Dorothea Schlegel by Anton Graff, c. 1790 (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
18. Photograph of Alfred Dreyfus taken on 5 January 1895, the day he was dishonourably discharged and demoted (Photo by Apic/Getty Images)
19. Theodor Herzl (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo)
20. Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
21. Hassan al Banna (Historic Collection/Alamy Stock Photo)
22. The Three Pashas (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)
23. The signing of the Reichskonkordat on 20 July 1933 (akg-images/WHA/World History Archive)

1. 3035 CE Christians persecuted under the Roman emperor Diocletian
2. 312 The emperor Constantine has a vision of the cross
3. 320 The emperor Theodosius declares that the Roman Empire is officially Christian
4. 610 Muhammad begins preaching
5. 622 The hijra, Muhammads flight from Mecca to Medina
6. 634718 Islamic conquests of the Byzantine and Persian empires
7. 7111492 Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. At its largest, al-Andalus, as the Muslim-controlled territory was called, extended from Portugal through most of Spain to what is now part of southern France
8. 7181492 The Reconquista. A series of sporadic campaigns by the Christian kings of northern Spain to recapture territory from the Muslims in al-Andalus
9. c. 7861258 The Islamic golden age, often dated from the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid to the capture of Baghdad by the Mongols
10. 800 Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Leo III
11. 83347 Islams inquisition, the Mihna
12. 851 The first of the Cordoba Martyrs is burned to death
13. 909 Cluny Abbey founded
14. 1066 Granada Massacre; 4,000 Jews murdered by a Muslim mob
15. 10731122 The Investiture Controversy; Pope Gregory VII does battle with the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over the right of lay rulers to appoint senior churchmen
16. 1077 Pope Gregory VII forces the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV to stand in the snow before the gates of Canossa Castle and beg forgiveness
17. 1090 Almoravids, Berber muslims from Morocco, conquer al-Andalus; by 1172 the Almohads have wrested al-Andalus from them. Both dynasties preside over the most intolerant regimes ever to rule Muslim Spain and Portugal