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Mark Stoll - Protestantism, capitalism, and nature in America

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Environmentalists have often blamed Protestantism for justifying the human exploitation of nature, but the author of this cultural history argues that, in America, hard-boiled industrialists and passionate environmentalists sprang from the same Protestant root. Protestant ChristianityCalvinism especiallyboth helped industrialists like James J. Hill rationalize their utilization of nature for economic profit and led environmental advocates like John Muir to call for the preservation of unspoiled wilderness. Biographical vignettes examine American thinkers, industrialists, and environmentalistsBenjamin Franklin, Joseph Smith, William Gilpin, Leland Stanford, Gifford Pinchot, Aldo Leopold, and otherswhose lives show the development of ideas and attitudes that have profoundly shaped Americans use of and respect for nature. The final chapter looks at several contemporary figuresJames Watt, Annie Dillard, and Dave Foremanwhose careers exemplify the recent Protestant thought and behavior and their impact on the environment.

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title Protestantism Capitalism and Nature in America author - photo 1

title:Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature in America
author:Stoll, Mark.
publisher:University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin:0826317812
print isbn13:9780826317810
ebook isbn13:9780585214870
language:English
subjectNature--Religious aspects--Christianity, Human ecology--Religious aspects--Protestant churches, Protestant churches--United States--Doctrines, Capitalism--Religious aspects--Christianity.
publication date:1997
lcc:BT695.5.S75 1997eb
ddc:261.8/362/0973
subject:Nature--Religious aspects--Christianity, Human ecology--Religious aspects--Protestant churches, Protestant churches--United States--Doctrines, Capitalism--Religious aspects--Christianity.
Page iii
Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature America
Mark Stoll
University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque
Page iv
1991 by Mark R. Stoll
All rights reserved.
First Edition
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stoll, Mark, 1954
Protestantism, capitalism, and nature in America / by Mark Stoll. 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-1780-4 (cl) 0-8263-1781-2 (pbk.)
1. Nature Religious aspects Christianity. 2. Human ecology Religious
aspects Protestant churches. 3. Protestant churches United States Doctrines.
4. Capitalism Religious aspects Christianity. 1. Title.
BT695-5.S75 1997
261.8' 362 '0973 dc20 96-25351
CIP
Page v
For Lyn
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Introduction. The Lumbermen of Eden
1
Book One. Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature
Chapter One
Beauty and Wonder, Dominion and Stewardship
11
Chapter Two
Capitalists and Militants, Rationalists and Ascetics
29
Book Two. Protestants, Capitalists, and Nature
Chapter Three
God, Nature, and the Puritans
55
Chapter Four
Nature's God in the Age of Reason
77
Chapter Five
Conquest and Contemplation
99
Chapter Six
Steam and Steel and Christian Civilization
125
Chapter Seven
Progressive Gospels of Nature
141
Chapter Eight
The Twentieth Century
171
Notes
199
Bibliography
241
Index
267

Page ix
PREFACE
Why has the United States been the world's leader in reducing pollution, establishing parks, and protecting wilderness? Why does the United States have the world's largest and most powerful environmentalist movement? And why does this active environmentalism occur in the world's most powerful industrial economy? A reader of the standard historical accounts would surely come away believing that the environmental movement and the environmental or ecological ethic are a century old, at most, and have no roots deeper than Emerson or Thoreau, or perhaps Gilbert White of Selborne, England. In fact, it is difficult to discern much of an intellectual genealogy at all for what we call modern environmentalism. The enormous impact of religion specifically Christianity and particularly Protestantism on American ideas about nature, both positive and negative, is least acknowledged of all.
Protestantism has been the fireman at the boiler, the switchman on the tracks, giving momentum and direction to American ideas about nature. It is a curious fact of American history that the people who dominated the early, formative years of both capitalism and environmentalism grew up with the same cultural and religious values. The source of those values for most of them was the most fanatically religious area of colonial British America, New England.
The connection between Protestantism, capitalism, and nature continues today. Protestantism has continued to refresh itself and readjust its values through periodic eras of revival, like the one currently in the United States. The closest contemporary parallel we have to those early Puritan settlers, in theology, ethic, and self-assuredness, are the conservative Prot-
Page x
estant churches. Those churches continue to produce the foremost advocates of both resource development and wilderness preservation: witness James G. Watt and Dave Foreman.
This book describes two similar but different things: how people's religious thinking about nature, and how people's religious thinking, have affected the natural world. The former has an explicit and the latter an implicit effect upon nature. The book treats religion not as something that goes on within the four walls of a church but as something that cannot be contained within walls or even within a creed, a force in society that intrudes into all aspects of life. Likewise, it does not deal with capitalism as a system (if it is a system) but rather as an entrepreneurial spirit, eager to organize and rationalize for long-term profit, eager to build and act and extract and produce and distribute and trade, and jealous of any power that seeks to impede such activity.
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