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Ananthaswamy - Through two doors at once: the elegant experiment that captures the enigma of our quantum reality

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Ananthaswamy Through two doors at once: the elegant experiment that captures the enigma of our quantum reality
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Many of sciences greatest minds have grappled with the simple yet elusive double-slit experiment that Thomas Young devised in the early 1800s to show that light behaves like a wave. Decade after decade, hypothesis after hypothesis, scientists have returned to this experiment to help them answer deeper and deeper questions about the fabric of the universe. Ananthaswamy travels around the world and through history, to examine quantum mechanics from the perspective of this experiment and its variations. -- adapted from jacket;Prologue. The story of nature taunting us -- The case of the experiment with two holes : Richard Feynman explains the central mystery -- What does it mean to be? : the road to reality, from Copenhagen to Brussels -- Between reality and perception : doing the double slit, one photon at a time -- From sacred texts : revelations about spooky action at a distance -- To erase or not to erase : mountaintop experiments take us to the edge -- Bohmian rhapsody : obvious ontology evolving the obvious way -- Gravity kills the quantum cat? : the case for bringing spacetime into the mix -- Healing an ugly scar : the many worlds medicine -- Epilogue. Ways of looking at the same thing?;Its the story of quantum mechanics told through the lens of the double-slit experiment, showing how light passing through two slits cut into a cardboard sheet first challenged our understanding of light and the nature of reality almost two hundred years ago--and continues to do so--

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ALSO BY ANIL ANANTHASWAMY The Edge of Physics The Man Who Wasnt There An - photo 1
ALSO BY ANIL ANANTHASWAMY

The Edge of Physics

The Man Who Wasnt There

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York New York - photo 2

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York New York - photo 3

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

375 Hudson Street

New York, New York 10014

Copyright 2018 by Anil Ananthaswamy Penguin supports copyright Copyright fuels - photo 4

Copyright 2018 by Anil Ananthaswamy

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

DUTTON and the D colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.

Portions of chapters 5 and 6 appeared in New Scientist magazine. Bohmian trajectories in chapter 6 reproduced with permission from Chris Dewdney. The de Broglie-Bohm and the many-interacting worlds trajectories in the epilogue reproduced with permission granted by Howard Wiseman on behalf of his coauthors.

Illustrations credit: Roshan Shakeel

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Names: Ananthaswamy, Anil, author.

Title: Through two doors at once : the elegant experiment that captures the enigma of our quantum reality / Anil Ananthaswamy.

Description: New York, New York : Dutton, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018008272 | ISBN 9781101986097 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781101986110 (ebook) | Subjects: LCSH: Quantum theoryPopular works. | Wave theory of lightPopular works. | RealityPopular works.

Classification: LCC QC174.123.A53 2018 | DDC 530.12dc23

LC record available https://lccn.loc.gov/2018008272

While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers, Internet addresses, and other contact information at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors or for changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.

Version_1

To my parents

Allow me to express now, once and for all, my deep respect for the work of the experimenter and for his fight to wring significant facts from an inflexible Nature... [which] says so distinctly No and so indistinctly Yes to our theories.

Hermann Weyl, German mathematician, 18851955

CONTENTS
Prologue
THE STORY OF NATURE TAUNTING US

The office is simply the most uncluttered of any physicists office I have ever seen. Theres a chair alongside a small table, with nothing on it. No books, no papers, no lamp, no computer, nothing. A sofa graces the office. Large windows overlook a small lake, the trees around which are bare, except for a few stragglers that are holding on to their fall foliage, defying the approaching winter in this part of Ontario, Canada. Lucien Hardy puts his laptop on the tablepointing out that he does most of his work in cafs and figures that all he needs in his office is a caf-like small table to set down his laptop.

There is the obligatory blackboard, taking up most of one wall of his office. It doesnt take long for Hardy to spring up and start chalking it up with diagrams and equationssomething that most of the quantum physicists I meet seem inclined to do.

We start talking about some esoteric aspect of quantum physics, when he stops and says, I started off the wrong way. To reset our discussion, he says, Imagine you have a factory and they make bombs. He has my attention.

He writes two names on the blackboard: Elitzur and Vaidman. He is talking about something called the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb puzzle. Named after two Israeli physicists, the puzzle exemplifies the counterintuitive nature of the quantum world in ways that non-physicists can appreciate. It confounds physicists too in no small measure.

The problem goes something like this. Theres a factory that makes bombs equipped with triggers. The triggers are so sensitive that a single particle, any particle, even a particle of light, can set them off. Theres a big dilemma, however. The factorys assembly line is faulty. Its churning out both good bombs with triggers and bad bombs without triggers. Hardy writes them as good and bad and quips about the quotation marks: Obviously, you may have a different moral perspective on it.

The task is to identify the good bombs. This means having to check whether the bombs have triggers. But examining each bomb isnt the correct strategy, because in order to do so, youd need to shine light on it, however faint, and that would cause a good bomb to explode. The only ones left unexploded would be the duds without triggers.

So, how does one solve this problem? If it helps, we are allowed one concession: we can detonate some bombs, as long as we are left with some good, undetonated bombs.

From our everyday experience of how the world works, this is an impossible problem to solve. But the quantum worldthe world of very small things like molecules and atoms and electrons and protons and photonsbehaves in bizarre ways. The physics that governs the behavior of this microscopic world is called quantum physics or quantum mechanics. And we can use quantum physics to find good bombs without setting them off. Even with a simple setup, its possible to salvage about half the good bombs. It involves using a modern variation of a 200-year-old experiment.

Called the double-slit experiment, it was first done in the early 1800s to challenge Isaac Newtons ideas about the nature of light. The experiment took center stage again in the early twentieth century, when two of the founders of quantum physics, Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, grappled with its revelations about the nature of reality. In the 1960s, Richard Feynman extolled its virtues, saying that the double-slit experiment contained all of the mysteries of the quantum world. A simpler and more elegant experiment would be hard to find, the workings of which a high school student can grasp, yet profound enough in its implications to bewilder brains like Einsteins and Bohrs, a confusion that continues to this day.

This is the story of quantum mechanics from the perspective of one classic experiment and its subtle, sophisticated variations (including one that, as well see, solves the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb puzzle), whether these variations are carried out as thought experiments by luminous minds or painstakingly performed in the basement labs of physics departments. Its the story of nature taunting us: catch me if you can.

1
THE CASE OF THE EXPERIMENT WITH TWO HOLES
Richard Feynman Explains the Central Mystery

There is nothing more surreal, nothing more abstract than reality.

Giorgio Morandi

Richard Feynman was still a year away from winning his Nobel Prize. And two decades away from publishing an endearing autobiographical book that introduced him to non-physicists as a straight-talking scientist interested in everything from cracking safes to playing drums. But in November 1964, to students at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, he was already a star and they received him as such. Feynman came to deliver a series of lectures. Strains of Far above Cayugas Waters rang out from the Cornell Chimes. The provost introduced Feynman as an instructor and physicist par excellence, but also, of course, as an accomplished bongo drummer. Feynman strode onto the stage to the kind of applause reserved for performing artists, and opened his lecture with this observation: Its odd, but in the infrequent occasions when I have been called upon in a formal place to play the bongo drums, the introducer never seems to find it necessary to mention that I also do theoretical physics.

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