Her Gates Will Never Be Shut
Hell, Hope, and the New Jerusalem
Bradley Jersak
Her Gates Will Never Be Shut
Hell, Hope, and the New Jerusalem
Copyright 2009 Bradley Jersak. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.
Wipf & Stock An imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3 Eugene, OR 97401
ISBN 13: 978-1-60608-882-1
EISBN 13: 978-1-63087-128-4
Manufactured in the U.S.A.
Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. All rights reserved throughout the world. Used by permission of International Bible Society.
Scripture taken from the New King James Version. Copyright 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible, Copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.
Scripture taken from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of the Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission.
Permission granted by Ignatius Press for quotations from: Hans Urs von Balthasar, Dare We Hope That All Men Be Saved? With A Short Discourse on Hell. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988).
Permission granted by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. for quotation from: Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession by Anne Rice (New York: Knopf, 2008), 18385.
Permission granted by Nik Ansell for use of Hell: The Nemesis of Hope? Revised and updated, 2009.
Permission granted for use of Plan de la Ville de Jerusalem Ancienne et Moderne by The National Library of Israel, Shapell Family Digitization Project, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Dept. of Geography, Historic Cities Project.
Unless otherwise noted, all italics for emphasis have been supplied by the author, including occurrences found in quotations.
Cover photo by Brian Justice. Christ Our King Church: South Wall Window 3. Permission granted by Msgr James Carter. Full gallery at www.christourking.org.
For Little Granny
Elsie (Fisher) Ditchfield (19052009)
I f Granny were still alive to read this book, she probably wouldnt. I doubt that she would understand what Im talking about. But since she is with the Lord now, I believe she would say that its me who doesnt understand what Im talking about. I get that.
On the day I was born, Granny walked a long distance to the bus stop and then rode all the way across the city to the hospital where my mother was facing a long, difficult labor and assisted delivery. She sat in the waiting room all day, praying for my safe arrival.
From there, I believe she interceded for me every day of my life up until she died at the age of 103. Her prayer list also included at least 200 other descendants. Even into her nineties, she still prayed every night on her knees by her bed.
On the day she died, she hopped another bus, C. S. Lewiss heavenly transit, and traveled across the divide to another City. I believe she continues to pray me through another long, difficult labor and assisted delivery. I imagine she occupies some sort of heavenly waiting room, interceding for my safe arrival.
Thank you, Little Granny. Is it everything we dreamed it would be?
Acknowledgments
For walking, praying, and coaxing me through hellsome at great cost, others without knowing it, and a few by sharing their ownthank you.
Eden, Stephen, Justice, and Dominic, Brita Miko, Robin Emberly, Steve Imbach, Ron and Karin Dart, Archbishop Lazar, Brian Klassen, Philip Cilliers, S. J. Hill, Peter and Anne-Marie Helms, Kim and Darlene, Eric Janzen, Eric McCooeye, Andre Harden, Michael Hardin, Eugene Peterson, Bob and Gracie Ekblad, James Alison, Andrew Klager, Walter Unger, Ted Grimsrud, Hermit Gregory, John Caputo, Rene Girard, Abraham J. Heschel, Jason Upton, Al Sergel, Walter Brueggemann, Anne Rice, N. T. Wright, Nik Ansell, Jonathan Stanley, Dan Johnston, John and Diane, Dwight and Lorie, Bill and Jamie, Harmen, Gary, Lauren and Jelly-Bean, Keagen, Brian West, Steve Schroeder, Charles Littledale, Adit, Fi, Anne, Barb, Heidi, Jorden and Norah Dekkers, mom and dad, Heinz and Doreen, Dar and Ted, Pam and Chad, Candice, Julia, Andy, Jacquie, Steph, Duane, Bob, Brian Schmidt, Jacki, Eve, Sava, Jana, the Karen people, Christian, Patrick, and Raydeen, at Wipf and Stock, and as always, Kevin Miller.
Special thanks to Michael and Lorri Hardin, whose work with me on Stricken by God? led me to revisit the question of hell. Their welcome to the Compassionate Eschatology conference, introductions to Rene Girard and John Caputo, and the invitation to write a chapter for the follow-up text unlocked the first pages of what would become this book. I originally set out to simply write a short piece on eschatological hope in Rev 2122 for Michael, but it just kept snow-balling. Thanks for your generosity.
Many thanks also to Nik Ansell, whose article, Hell: The Nemisis of Hope? I came across after the first draft of Her Gates was already on my editors desk. The find was providential in that we had come to several identical conclusions independently and Ansell had already confirmed what I thought were my own discoveries. The overlap, even of our quotations from Dante, led me to contact him and he subsequently agreed to refresh his essay and contribute it as the Afterword for this book. Beyond that, we exchanged a flurry of e-mails in which Ansell offered many helpful challenges and suggestions, opening a dialogue that Ive imported into the footnotes along the way.
Abbreviations
Primary Sources and Collections
1 Esd 1 Esdras (Apocrypha)
2 Esd 2(4) Esdras (Pseudepigrapha)
ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers
APOT The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
Contra Cels. Origen, Contra Celsus
De Civ. Dei Augustine, The City of God
De Genesi Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram
De Princ. Origen, De Principiis
De Res. Carn. Tertullian, De resurrectione carnis
EPE Ellines Pateres tis Ekklisias (Greek Fathers of the Church)
Frag. Hom. Hyppolytus. Fragments of Discourses or Homilies: Homily on the Paschal Supper
HL Hebraic Literature
Matt Hom. Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew
NHC Nag Hammadi Codex
NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
NT New Testament
OT Old Testament
Paed. Clement, Paedagogus
PG Patrologia graeca, edited by J.-P. Migne
Rhet Aristotle, Rhetoric
Sib. The Sibylline Oracles (Pseudepigrapha)
Sim . Similitudes of Enoch (1 Enoch 3771)
Strom Clement, Stromata
Syr Bar Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch, or 2 Baruch (Pseudepigrapha)
TM Talmudic Miscellany
Wis Sol Wisdom of Solomon
Odes Sol Odes of Solomon
Modern Journals and References
ATR Anglican Theological Review
BDB A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, edited by Brown, Driver, and Briggs
BSac Bibliotheca Sacra
CSR Christian Scholars Review
CRIJ Christian Research Institute Journal
DJG Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels
EDB Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
HDB Dictionary of the Bible, edited by James Hasting