ZONDERVAN
Zondervan Handbook of Biblical Archaeology
Copyright 2017 by World of the Bible Ministries, Inc. and H. Wayne House
Requests for information should be addressed to:
Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546
ePub Edition November 2017: ISBN 978-0-310-52764-0
Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV. Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.Zondervan.com. The NIV and New International Version are trademarks registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.
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Photos, charts, and diagrams owned by Randall Price or H. Wayne House unless otherwise noted.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any otherexcept for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Cover design: Studio Gearbox
Cover imagery: tunart/www.istock.com, H. Wayne House, Mark Connally/www.holylandphotos.com, Oren Gutfeld
Interior design: Kait Lamphere
Part pages imagery: Markus Pfaff/Shutterstock, WitR/Shutterstock, Karel Gallas/Shutterstock, Image Farm
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Dedication
To my wife Beverlee,
who has shared with me
in the pre-dawn risings,
long days of digging,
and thrilling discoveries.
You are my greatest treasure!
Proverbs 25:2
RANDALL PRICE
To my wife, Irina, whose love for Christ, the Bible, theology,
and archaeology inspires me in my own life and work.
He who finds a wife finds a good thing,
and obtains favor from the L ORD .
Proverbs 18:22 (NRSV)
H. WAYNE HOUSE
Without the assistance of many people a handbook of this nature could not be accomplished. The authors first and foremost express deep appreciation to their wives (Beverlee Price and Irina House) for their encouragement and loving support throughout the project. The authors also thank their respective schools (Liberty University, Faith International University, and Faith Seminary) for the use of their research facilities. Dr. Price is grateful for the research and photographic assistance of Ms. Ayelet Shapira, Mrs. Michele Cowell, Mr. David Beauregard, Mr. Britt Paramore, and Mr. Dan Stuart (for assistance in the preparation of several charts). He also expresses appreciation to Mr. Stephen Rost for preparing the indices, Dr. David Graves for assistance in preparing the glossary, and Dr. Oren Gutfeld of the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology. Dr. House likewise wishes to thank his assistant Mrs. Elizabeth Summers for her help. The authors express sincere gratitude to the museums and institutions in the US, Germany, England, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and Italy that permitted them to research and photograph their collections. We also express thanks to Mr. Alexander Schick of the bibelausstellung in Sylt, Mr. Martin Severin of Inner-cube Publications for his expertise and use of photographs, Ayelet Shapira, Casey Olson and Alexandra Toy for photographic assistance, and many others as noted in the photo credits. Finally, we thank Zondervan Publisher Dr. Stan Gundry and Mr. Madison Trammel for allowing us to bring this work to the public, Dr. Nancy Erickson for her fine editorial work, Mrs. Kim Tanner for her design skill, and the entire Zondervan production team for their excellent craftsmanship in publishing which has made this handbook both a useful and beautiful complement for students and teachers of the Bible.
AB | Anchor Bible |
ABD | Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992 |
ABW | Archaeology in the Biblical World |
ACB | Archaeological Commentary on the Bible |
AJSL | American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |
ANEP | The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Edited by James B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994 |
ANET | Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by James B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 |
ANF | Ante-Nicene Fathers |
ANT | Archaeology of the New Testament. Jack Finegan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992 |
A&NT | Archaeology and the New Testament. John McRay. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2003 |
ARCH | Archaeology |
AUDS | Andrews University Dissertation Series |
AUSS | Andrews University Seminary Studies |
BA | Biblical Archaeologist |
BAR | Biblical Archaeology Review |
BASOR | Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |
BASORSUP | Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement |
BBR | Bulletin for Biblical Research |
BBRSUP | Bulletin for Biblical Research, Supplements |
BCOTWP | Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms |
BDB | Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament |
BEP | Bethsaida Excavation Project |
BIB | Biblica |
BIIW | The Bible In Its World: The Bible and Archaeology Today. K. A. Kitchen. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2004 |
BO | Bibliotheca Orientalis |
BREV | Bible Review |
B&S | Bible and Spade |
BSAC | Bibliotheca Sacra |
BWL | Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Wilfred G. Lambert. Oxford: Claredon, 1960 |
CAD | The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 19562006 |
CAH | Cambridge Ancient History |
CBQ | Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
CHB | Cambridge History of the Bible. Edited by P. R. Ackroyd, et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984 |
CONBOT | Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series |
COS | |