Serif Mardin - Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
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Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
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SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies Said Amir Arjomand, Editor
Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey
The Case of Bedizzaman Said Nursi
Serif* Mardin
State University of New York Press
To F. C.
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1989 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mardin, Serif* Religion and social change in modern Turkey.
(SUNY series in Near Eastern studies) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Nurs, Said, 1873-1960Philosophy. 2. Nurculuk. 3. IslamTurkeyHistory. 4. Sociology, Islamic. I. Title. II. Series. BP80.N89M361989306'.6'0956189-4280 ISBN 0-88706-996-7 ISBN 0-88706-997-5 (pbk.)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
vii
Transliteration
ix
Introduction
1
I. Preliminary Approaches to the Biography of a Turkish Muslim Fundamentalist Thinker
23
II. Life
42
III. Religion, Ideology and Consciousness in the Ottoman Empire at the End of the Nineteenth Century
103
IV. Matrix and Meaning
147
V. The Saint and his Followers
183
VI. The Machinery of Nature
203
Conclusion
217
Bibliography
233
Appendix
253
Index
257
Page vii
Preface
This book is a preliminary exercise in attempting to gain an understanding of the ways in which religion and society interlock in modern Turkey. The specific appeal ofzzaman Said Nursi for his own followers provides a useful focus for a description of this type of articulation and for an analysis of the social processes which project the dynamic counterpart of the intermeshing of religion and social relations. I have tried to follow parallel developments in a number of fields such as those of the world communication (and communications) revolution, Turkish political and social reform, Turkish intellectual development and aspects of religious history that are relevant to a study of Said Nursi's biography. I have not attempted to set out any strong causal linkages between these parallel streams. Nevertheless, I believe that they produce pictures which complement one another. I hope the interconnections I have plotted will serve as a springboard for further studies of the role of religion in modern Turkish society.
I have to thank many persons for important assistance on my way: Professor Albert Hourani and the Middle East Center of St. Antony's College, Oxford University, for their invitation to join the college as a visiting fellow in 1980-82; Professor Hourani for continued encouragement, and for reading preliminary versions of the manuscript; Dr. Roger Owen for his remarks on some early chapters. My debt to Professor Ernest Gellner of Cambridge University is especially that of keeping in mind the questions he would have asked should he have taken up the same subject for study. Professor Dale Eickelman encouraged me to believe in the worth of my analysis by asking to quote material from one of my chapters. Professors Michael Meeker and Allen Duben have read the completed versions of the manuscript. Professor Hamid Algar led me to believe that the analyses of Is-
Page viii
lamic material I was proposing was not too far off the mark. From all these contributors I have gained, although the blemishes which may remain in my expos are my own responsibility.
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my friends in the editorial offices of the Yeni Nesil, the newspaper published by the followers of Said Nursi. I would like in particular to thank Mr. Necmettin Sahiner* whose biography of Said Nursi provides information essential to anyone attempting to study the Nur movement. Finally, I would not have taken up the figure of Bedizzaman for study had I not been alerted by the late Cemil Meri to the former's substantive contribution as a religious thinker. I shall always be grateful for the insights he let me share with him.
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1989