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Matthew Levering - Proofs of God: Classical Arguments from Tertullian to Barth

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Matthew Levering Proofs of God: Classical Arguments from Tertullian to Barth
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Leading theologian Matthew Levering presents a thoroughgoing critical survey of the proofs of Gods existence for readers interested in traditional Christian responses to the problem of atheism. Beginning with Tertullian and ending with Karl Barth, Levering covers twenty-one theologians and philosophers from the early church to the modern period, examining how they answered the critics of their day. He also shows the relevance of the classical arguments to contemporary debates and challenges to Christianity. In addition to students, this book will appeal to readers of apologetics.

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Title Page

Copyright Page 2016 by Matthew Levering Published by Baker Academic a division - photo 1

Copyright Page

2016 by Matthew Levering

Published by Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakeracademic.com

Ebook edition created 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meansfor example, electronic, photocopy, recordingwithout the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

ISBN 978-1-4934-0336-3

Scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Endorsements

This fantastic tome serves as an essential road map to the most important thinkers in the Western tradition of natural theology. Levering provides the historical context for each thinker and expertly summarizes their work with precision and depth. Especially beautiful is the way he integrates this multimillennial conversation into the most important questions of human life. Without a doubt this book will be used with great success in philosophy and theology courses as an indispensable point of entry into the seminal texts on God and his existence. No philosophy or theology bookshelf should be without this gem.

Michael G. Sirilla , Franciscan University of Steubenville

Demonstrating a wide knowledge of the tradition and contemporary literature, Matthew Levering makes a significant contribution to the contemporary debate about atheism and the possibility of rationally demonstrating the existence of God. This fascinating account of the multiple attempts by brilliant thinkers over the centuries to show the rationality of belief in God is a uniquely original contribution that many will find of interest.

Ralph Martin, STD , Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Archdiocese of Detroit

In this extremely helpful book, Matthew Levering offers what is perhaps the best contemporary historical overview of the major positions on the subject of natural knowledge of God. His responsible and deeply insightful analysis of early Christians, great Scholastics, Enlightenment skeptics, and influential moderns produces an extremely varied tableau but also brings these diverse positions into effective conversation with one another. The book offers a strong defense of the contemporary importance of natural theology and its intellectual viability. This traditional position, largely eclipsed in modern Christian theology, is of vital significance to Christian intellectual life and Levering illustrates magnificently why and how this tradition can flourish today.

Fr. Thomas Joseph White, OP , Thomistic Institute, Washington, DC

Proofs of God is excellent. Matthew Levering has provided a much-needed resource that will greatly facilitate the rediscovery of neglected Christian thinkers in the history of natural theology.

Edward Feser , Pasadena City College

Dedication

To Thomas Joseph White, OP

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Endorsements

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1. Patristic and Medieval Arguments for Gods Existence

Tertullian

Gregory of Nazianzus

Augustine

John of Damascus

Anselm of Canterbury

Thomas Aquinas

William of Ockham

2. Reformation and Enlightenment Views

John Calvin

Michel de Montaigne

Francisco Surez

Ren Descartes

Blaise Pascal

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

3. Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Responses

John Henry Newman

Maurice Blondel

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Rginald Garrigou-Lagrange

Martin Heidegger

Karl Barth

Conclusion

Select Bibliography

Subject Index

Name Index

Back Cover

Acknowledgments

This book had its origins in a doctoral seminar on the proofs for Gods existence that I co-taught with Steven A. Long at Ave Maria University some years ago. In that seminar, I spent most of my time taking careful notes! Steve has profound insight not only into Thomas Aquinas but also David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, as all those privileged to take the seminar can attest.

My chapter drafts were greatly improved by generous scholars who read portions of the manuscript on which they have expertise: Don Briel, Thomas Hibbs, Andrew Hofer, OP, Robert Koerpel, John Michael McDermott, SJ, Sean McGrath, Benjamin Myers, Kenneth Oakes, Kevin OReilly, OP, and Andrew Rosato. Michael Sirilla and Thomas Joseph White, OP, read the whole manuscript and saved me from many omissions and mistakes. I have incorporated a number of suggestions from all of these friends and colleagues. Francesca Murphy, Matthew Ramage, Emery de Gal, Michael Sirilla, and Chad Pecknold testified to the viability of the project as a Baker Academic textbook. Bishop Robert Barron enthusiastically encouraged the project and inspired me by his own expertise on the topic. At Baker Academic, Dave Nelson supported the project from the outset, guided the book to publication, and offered wise counsel for improvement. Baker Academics Brian Bolger and the editorial staff did a superb job preparing the manuscript. My amazing research assistant, David Augustine, compiled the bibliography and indexes and provided numerous corrections and suggestions that I incorporated into the text.

I wrote this book for my children, in case it might ever be of use to them. May God, who in his infinite goodness is the meaning of life, give my beloved children eternal life in Christ Jesus. For my wife, Joy, my gratitude is so deep. The simple words of Genesis 24:67 express what I wish Joy to know: he loved her.

The book is dedicated to a master theologian and dear friend, born in the same year and month as myself: Fr. Thomas Joseph White, OP. Of him it may be said, The crown of the wise is their wisdom (Prov. 14:24). Gods blessings be upon you, Fr. Thomas Joseph.

Introduction

In this textbook, I offer a concise survey of the major responses, pro and contra, in the Christian tradition to the question of whether the existence of God can be demonstrated by human reason. Readers and classroom teachers should feel free to use the book selectively, rather than studying all of the twenty-one figures I have chosen. My surveys of these twenty-one figures aim to be accurate, concise, and thorough. For readers who are interested, I give my assessment of these figures in the conclusions to the three chapters. In the surveys themselves, I try to be descriptive rather than evaluative.

In this introduction (as well as in the books conclusion), I offer my view of where things stand in contemporary intellectual discourse and popular culture regarding the topic of whether Gods existence can be demonstrated by human reason. In this introduction, I also give a rationale for choosing to study these twenty-one figures, and I examine the key biblical and Hellenistic ideas that set the terms for the demonstrations of Gods existence in the Christian tradition.

To put my cards on the table, I think that the cosmos cannot be the source of its own existence. The cosmos is not a necessary being. In this regard, David Hart rightly remarks that the contingent can only exist derivatively, receiving its existence from the Absolute. It is not necessary that any finite thing, let alone a quantum law, exist. Finite things exist, but they are merely limited modes of being; they are not being as such. A quantum law, insofar as it is , must derive its being from a source.

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