Evolution of Communis m
Illustrated & Footnoted & Added Glossary of Communist Terms
Tarkan zhan
Copyright, All Right Reserved
E-Kitap Projesi, 2018
ISTANBUL
Author : Tarkan zhan [ Turkish Socialist, Activist & Researcher ]
Editor : Murat Ukray
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e- ISBN : 978-605-68608-0-5
Print- ISBN : 978-172 - 17917 - -
I stanbul, June / 2018
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EVOLUTION
OF
COMMUNIS M
Ilustrated & Footnoted
_______________
Tarkan zhan
2018
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
Dream of Communist Idea: Evolution of Communism (Before)
Dream of Communist Idea: Evolution of Communism ( After )
A ghost walks in Europe - the ghost of communism. All the forces of old Europe entered into a sacred alliance to defeat this ghost: the Pope and the Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French radicals and German police agents.
Where is the opposition party not being accused of being communist by its opponents? Where is the opposition, which has not thrown this blightful communism accusation back to its reactionary adversaries as well as to the more progressive opposition parties?
Two things come out of this phenomenon:
I. Communism itself has already been recognized as a force by all European powers.
II. It is already time for the Communists to openly react to the whole world, to publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and their Manifestos of the Party to this ghost of Communism.
For this purpose, communists from various nationalities gathered in London and received the following Manifestoy to be published in English, French, German, Italian, Dutch and Danish languages.
I. BOURGEOISES AND PROLETARIANS [1 *]
So far, history is the history of all societies, class struggles.
Free people and slaves, patriarchs and plebes, gentlemen with serfs, guild masters [3 *] and kalfa, one word, one oppressed with oppression have always faced each other, uninterrupted, occasionally covered, sometimes open, Either by a totally revolutionary re-establishment of the society, or by the collapse of the conflicting classes.
In earlier periods of history, almost everywhere, we find a complicated social order, a wide range of social position grades, in various clusters. Patriarchs, knights, plebs, slaves in ancient Rome; The medieval feudal lords, the vassals, the guild masters, the chalets, the apprentices, the serfs; In almost all of these classes, we see lower grades.
Modern bourgeois society, which has tipped through the destruction of feudal society, has not lifted class antagonisms from the very beginning. New classes, new press conditions, new forms of struggle instead of old.
However, the distinctive feature of our age, the age of the bourgeoisie, is that it simplifies class antagonisms. The whole society is increasingly divided into two major enemy camps, two large classes directly facing each other: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages, came the distinguished urbanites of the first cities. The first items of the bourgeoisie also developed from these urbanites.
The discovery of America, the circumnavigation of Cape of Good Hope, opened new fields for the emerging bourgeoisie. The East Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, the exploitation of commerce, the increase in the means of exchange and in general the commodities, the commercial, the shipping, the industrial, the unprecedented breakthrough, and thus the rapid development of the revolutionary element of feudal society in its collapse.
The feudal industrial system, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed lonces, was no longer sufficient for the growing needs of new markets. His manufacturing system took his place. Guild master craftsmen were pushed to an edge by the middle class [6]; The division of labor between different guild units has disappeared in the face of the division of labor within each individual workshop.
Meanwhile, the markets continued to grow steadily, demand continued to rise steadily. Even the builder was not enough anymore. On top of that, steam and machine revolutionized industrial production. Manuf uction took its place in the giant modern industry, the industrial middle class, the industrial millions, the leaders of all industrial armies, the modern bourgeoisie.
Modern industry has established a world market in which America has laid its foundations for exploration. This market has made great progress in trade, shipping, and road transport. This development also affected the spread of industry; And the bourgeoisie has developed in the same direction, in proportion to the expansion of industry, commerce, shipping, and railways, has increased its capital and has pushed all the classes from the Middle Ages into the background.
Thus we see how the modern bourgeoisie itself is the product of a series of revolutions in the form of a long development path, production and change.
Every development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political progression of this class. A class oppressed under the sovereignty of the feudal nobility is a self-governing and armed group in the medieval commune; There is an independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), where the monarchy is the "third tier" of the taxpayer (as it is in France), the latter in the period of the actual manufacture, The bourgeoisie, which, in fact, served as an absolute monarchy and, in fact, the cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, eventually seized political sovereignty in the modern representative state since the establishment of modern industry and the world market.
Modern state administration is nothing but a committee that manages the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie has played a very revolutionary role in history.
The bourgeoisie ended all feudal, patriarchal, romantic associations everywhere it took advantage of. He brutally broke the various feudal ties that linked humanity to the "natural masters", and left no bond between man and man, naked self-extract, rigid "cash payment". He drowned in the icy waters of selfish calculations, the spiritual enthusiasm of religious passion, knightly ecstasy, and arrogant sentimentality. Personal value is reduced to exchange-value, and instead of innumerable indestructible privileged freedoms, he has put on the only merciless freedom, trade freedom. Instead of a single verbal, religious, and political illusion of a cursed expletive, it was clear, shameless, direct, vulgar exploitation.
