Torkel Brekke - Religious Motivation and the Origins of Buddhism: A Social–Psychological Exploration of the Origins of a World Religion
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Why did North Indian people from the fifth century BC choose to leave the world and join the sect of the Buddha? Were there common themes in the religious motivation of these early Buddhists? Is it possible to illuminate motivational themes using social psychology?
This is the first book to apply the insights of social psychology in order to understand the religious motivation of the people who constituted the early Buddhist community. It also addresses the more general and theoretically controversial question of how world religions came into being, by focusing on the conversion process of the individual believer.
Torkel Brekke holds a DPhil in Oriental Studies from the University of Oxford on the politics of religious identity in colonial South Asia. He is currently a research fellow funded by the Norwegian Research Council. His main research interest is the interaction between religious ideas and processes of political and historical change.
The RoutledgeCurzon Critical Studies in Buddhism Series is a comprehensive study of the Buddhist tradition. The series explores this complex and extensive tradition from a variety of perspectives, using a range of different methodologies.
The series is diverse in its focus, including historical studies, textual translations and commentaries, sociological investigations, bibliographic studies, and considerations of religious practice as expressions of Buddhisms integral religiosity. It also presents material on modern intellectual historical studies, including the role of Buddhist thought and scholarship in a contemporary, critical context and in the light of current social issues. The series is expansive and imaginative in scope, spanning more than two and a half millennia of Buddhist history. It is receptive to all research works that inform and advance our knowledge and understanding of the Buddhist tradition.
THE REFLEXIVE NATURE OF AWARENESS
Paul Williams
BUDDHISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Edited by Damien Keown, Charles Prebish and Wayne Husted
ALTRUISM AND REALITY
Paul Williams
WOMEN IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE BUDDHA
Kathryn R. Blackstone
THE RESONANCE OF EMPTINESS
Gay Watson
IMAGING WISDOM
Jacob N. Kinnard
AMERICAN BUDDHISM
Edited by Duncan Ryuken Williams and Christopher Queen
PAIN AND ITS ENDING
Carol S. Anderson
THE SOUND OF LIBERATING TRUTH
Edited by Sallie B. King and Paul O. Ingram
BUDDHIST THEOLOGY
Edited by Roger R. Jackson and John J. Makransky
EMPTINESS APPRAISED
David F. Burton
THE GLORIOUS DEEDS OF PRNA
Joel Tatelman
CONTEMPORARY BUDDHIST ETHICS
Edited by Damien Keown
INNOVATIVE BUDDHIST WOMEN
Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo
TEACHING BUDDHISM IN THE WEST
Edited by V. S. Hori, R. P. Hayes and J. M. Shields
EMPTY VISION
David L. McMahan
SELF, REALITY AND REASON IN
TIBETAN PHILOSOPHY
Thupten Jinpa
RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION AND THE
ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM
Torkel Brekke
MOTIVATION AND
THE ORIGINS OF
BUDDHISM
exploration of the origins of a
world religion
First published 2002 by RoutledgeCurzon
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2002 Torkel Brekke
Typeset in Times by Prepress Projects Ltd, Perth, Scotland
The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 978-0-7007-1683-8 (hbk)
ISBN 978-0-7007-1684-5 (pbk)
The articles on which this book is based were written between 1996 and 1999. During this time I was a doctoral student at the University of Oxford, writing a thesis on religious change in South Asia during the colonial period under the supervision of Professor Richard Gombrich. His writings are a constant source of inspiration. I have been lucky to have studied under generous and encouraging teachers both at the University of Oxford and at the University of Oslo. I wish to thank Professor Jens Braarvig and Professor Georg von Simson, who taught me Sanskrit and Pli. An earlier version of the second chapter of this book was written as an MPhil thesis under their supervision in 1995. As all my teachers must have realized, my greatest problem as a student was that I tried to do too many things at the same time. This book, which attempts to say something both about Buddhism and about the psychology of religion, is probably symptomatic.
I would like to thank Professors Charles Prebish and Damien Keown, the editors of the series Critical Studies in Buddhism at Curzon Press, for their positive response when I approached them in the winter of 2000/1 with my proposal for this book. I am also grateful to Jonathan Price, chief editor at Curzon Press, for his constant optimism regarding this and other projects.
I am indebted to the publishers who authorized the use of articles that had appeared in their journals. The details of these previous publications are given in the introduction below. During the years when the research for this book was carried out my work was generously financed by the Norwegian Research Council.
As always, I owe many thanks to my family Margrete, Kristian and Iris for their patience and support. This book is dedicated to my friend and mentor Chung Lu Tsen.
The aim of this book is to explore whether and how a social psychological approach may further our understanding of religious motivation in Buddhism, primarily early Buddhism, that is Buddhism at the time when the Buddha or his direct disciples still lived. The basic questions that it seeks to answer are:
- Why did people choose to join the Buddha?
- Why did they become monks or nuns?
- Were there common themes in the religious motivation of the early Buddhists?
- Is it possible to illuminate these motivational themes by applying the theoretical insights of social psychology?
In general terms, this is a book about the social psychology of religion and, in more specific terms, it is a book about religious motivation in Buddhism. I believe that in order to understand why a religion comes into being, and why it succeeds in becoming a world religion, we should devote more attention to the religious motivation of individuals than is usual in the study of religious history. Needless to say, in historical studies it is often difficult, or even impossible, to say anything about cognitive processes of individuals. However, when there is a possibility, we should try to understand the motivation of the people who initiate change. Of course, there are a number of problems connected with a social psychological study of Buddhism. I will discuss some of these problems in the book, but there will still be many ways to criticize this type of study both from the angle of philology and from the angle of social psychology. The kind of approach that I have taken here is not very common and it involves the risk of making mistakes in several academic fields at the same time.
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