ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Volume 6
A HISTORY OF EUROPE 9111198
A HISTORY OF EUROPE 9111198
Z. N. BROOKE
First published in November 1938
Second edition July 1947
Third edition 1951
Reprinted with minor corrections 1956
Reprinted 1960, 1962 and 1969
This edition first published in 2020
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1938 Z. N. Brooke
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ISBN: 978-0-367-22090-7 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-27322-3 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-17273-2 (Volume 6) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-05594-2 (Volume 6) (ebk)
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A History of Europe
FROM 911 TO 1198
Z. N. BROOKE
LITT.D., F.B.A.
Late Professor of Medieval History in the University of Cambridge Fellow of Gonville and Caius College
First published November 1938
Second edition July 1947
Third edition 1951
Reprinted with minor corrections 1956
Reprinted 1960, 1962 and 1969
3.5
SBN 416 43510 6
First published as a University Paperback 1969
1.1
SBN 416 29640 8
Printed in Great Britain by
Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London
This book is available in both hardboard and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
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PREFACE
T HE arrangement of this volume needs, perhaps, some explanation. It is no easy matter to describe the history of numerous European States (for only the internal history of the British Isles is omitted from the scheme of the series), and at the same time to preserve some unity in the telling. I have attempted this by developing three main themesthe Empire (later, Empire and Papacy), Christianity and Islam (or, alternatively, East and West), and France, which if subsidiary at first develops into a main theme later on. Each of these I have traced in four stages: up to the middle of the eleventh century, in the second half of that century, and in the two halves of the twelfth century. In the first two periods the other topics have been dealt with as subordinate parts of the greater themes, but they have been given a more detailed and individual description in general chapters inserted in the middle of the twelfth century.
The question of nomenclature raises a further problem. I have adhered, with a few exceptions, to the system adopted in the Cambridge Medieval History, though with some misgivings. In a book written for English readers it is obviously right to speak of Rome, Venice, Milan, and even Cologne, but I am not very happy about writing Mayence for Mainz and Trves for Trier. A difficulty arises for the reader, to distinguish the numerous Conrads, Henrys, Ottos, &c., from each other. Here I hope that the guidance given in the Index, supplemented by the genealogical tables, will be sufficient.
In one respect this volume differs from its predecessors in the series, in the absence (apart from an introductory outline of Europe) of sketch maps. This was found necessary, owing to the recent heavy rise in the costs of book-production, in order to avoid the greater evil of an increase in the price of the book. Though I had prepared other maps, I was only too glad to jettison them. I have never found small-scale uncoloured maps to be of any value; an historical student must equip himself with an historical atlas containing coloured maps. My attitude to the bibliographies, which may invite some criticism, I have explained in a preliminary note.
This book has occupied my spare time during the past seven years, and I can only hope that it does not betray too many signs of having been written thus, unavoidably, piecemeal. I have certain, most grateful, acknowledgements to make. Firstly, to my wife, who undertook the typing of the whole manuscript. Secondly, to my colleague, Mr. Philip Grierson, who read through the typed manuscript and enabled me to make a number of important and necessary corrections before the book was in proof. Lastly, to my wife again, and also to my three sons, who rendered me invaluable assistance throughout the reading of the proofs and in the laborious task of compiling the Index.
Z. N. B.
September, 1938
PUBLISHERS NOTE TO REPRINTS
No changes have been made in the text; but the bibliographies were revised for the 1951 edition by Dr. Janet Matthews (Mrs. Sondheimer), and for the 1956 and 1969 impressions by the authors son, Professor Christopher Brooke.
CONTENTS
PART I
TO THE MIDDLE OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY
PART II
THE SECOND HALF OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY
PART III
THE TWELFTH CENTURY
T HE purpose of the suggestions for reading appended to the various chapters is to enable the reader who is interested in any subject to know where he can obtain fuller information about it. The lists have been designed so as to mention books in English or in English translations as far as possible, supplemented by French works and to a lesser extent by German. It is not likely that many readers will wish to read the original authorities in Latin, and to make a short list of such authorities is always unsatisfactory. In a few cases it has been thought worth while to mention important authorities of which there is an English or a French translation. A useful selection of documents translated into English will be found in Laffan, R. G. D., Select Documents of European History, Vol. I, 8001492 (London, 1930), [and B. Pullan,
