Ali Rahnema - Shii Reformation in Iran: The Life and Theology of Shari’at Sangelaji
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Shi ism caught the attention of the world as Iran experienced her revolution in 1979 and was subsequently cast in the mold of a monolithic discourse of radical political Islam. The spokespersons of Shii Islam, in or out of power, have not been the sole representatives of the faith. Nonconformist and uncompromising, the Shii jurist and reformist Shariat Sangelaji (1891-1944) challenged certain popular Shii beliefs and the mainstream clerical establishment, guarding and propagating it. In Shii Reformation in Iran, Ali Rahnema offers a fresh understanding of Sangelajis reformist discourse from a theological standpoint, and takes readers into the heart of the key religious debates in Iran in the 1940s. Exploring Sangelajis life, theological position and disputations, Rahnema demonstrates that far from being change resistant, debates around why and how to reform the faith have long been at the heart of Shii Islam. Drawing on the writings and sermons of Sangelaji, as well as interviews with his son, the book provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to the reformists ideas. As such it offers scholars of religion and Middle Eastern politics alike a penetrating insight into the impact that these ideas have had on Shiism - an impact which is still felt today.
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SHII REFORMATION IN IRAN
ASHGATE NEW CRITICAL THINKING IN RELIGION, THEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES
The Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Religion, Theology and Biblical Studies series brings high quality research monograph publishing back into focus for authors, international libraries, and student, academic and research readers. Headed by an international editorial advisory board of acclaimed scholars spanning the breadth of religious studies, theology and biblical studies, this open-ended monograph series presents cutting-edge research from both established and new authors in the field. With specialist focus yet clear contextual presentation of contemporary research, books in the series take research into important new directions and open the field to new critical debate within the discipline, in areas of related study, and in key areas for contemporary society.
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Shii Reformation in Iran
The Life and Theology of Shariat Sangelaji
ALI RAHNEMA
The American University of Paris, France
The American University of Paris, France
First published 2015 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright Ali Rahnema 2015
Ali Rahnema has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Rahnama, Ali.
Shii reformation in Iran : the life and theology of Shariat Sangelaji / By Ali Rahnema.
pages cm. -- (Ashgate new critical thinking in religion, theology and Biblical studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4724-3416-6 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-3156-0900-3 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-3170-5532-7 (epub) 1. Sangelaji, Shariat, 1891-1944. 2. Muslim scholars--Iran--Biography. 3. Islamic renewal--Iran. 4. Shiah--Iran. I. Title.
BP80.S317R34 2015
297.8'2092--dc23
[B]
2014043569
ISBN 9781472434166 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315609003 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN 9781317055327 (ebk-ePUB)
ISBN 9781315609003 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN 9781317055327 (ebk-ePUB)
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements
When I was researching on Ali Shariati back in 1994, I came across the fact that during his stay in Paris he had asked for the works of Shariat Sangelaji from his relatives back home. Shariati must have read some of Sangelajis works in his fathers library back in Mashhad. He must have also heard of Sangelaji from his father, Mohammad-Taqi Shariati. Once the Shariati project was over, this seemingly innocuous information piqued my interest to learn more about Sangelaji, the relatively unknown and enigmatic cleric. Who was he? Why was Shariati interested in him? What made Sangelaji different from other clergy of his time? How different were his religious ideas from those of his clerical contemporaries? Why was he considered as a deviant by some clergy?
The project on Sangelaji began in 1999. It was conducted in tandem with two imaginary, almost virtual conversations. The first involved my conversations with Shariati over Sangelaji and the second involved Sangelaji and Shariati on the one hand and Mohammad-Baqir Majlesi on the other hand. Pursuing and observing the latter conversation, based on tracing the residues of Sangelajis works on Majlesi in Shariatis writings, deflected the original course of the project, took a life of its own and turned into another independent work. Once that was finished I returned to the incomplete original Sangelaji project in 2009 and found myself tracing the history of Islamic/Shii thought of Iran, by moving backwards in a time-machine. My focus shifted from the study of the tumultuous years of 1933 to 1977 (Shariatis life-span) to a different kind of a stormy period, that of 1891 to 1944 (Sangelajis life-span).
Shariati was in his late teens when the Oil Nationalization Movement started, while Sangelaji was in his early teens when the Iranian Constitutional Revolution began to unfold. While the Oil Nationalization Movement had a deep impact on politicizing Shariati, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution seemed to have had little direct effect on Sangelaji. Even if it did, its impact cannot be easily detected in his works. Clearly, the two had different personalities and political proclivities, even though their religious, social and human sensibilities were somewhat similar.
The more I read and re-read Sangelajis works and studied the writings of others on him, the more I found his personality and ideas thought-provoking. It gradually became clear why he was considered as an annoyance. In the tradition of all modernist religious reformists, irrespective of their particular leanings, Sangelaji seemed interested in a community of liberated believers, free of the non-Quranic traditional ideas and customs which prevented the faithful from reflecting and exercising their faith as a rational belief-system, capable of adaptation to the demands of modern times. Sangelajis reformism was targeted at the transformation of the individual and the hope that social change would spin off from the reformed individual Shii. Contrary to Shariati, Sangelaji did not seem interested in whipping up revolutionary fervour, mobilizing the dispossessed and the discontented and initiating a social movement with the language and voice of Islam. Sangelaji was a moderate and mild reformer, cautious about the consequences of abrupt political change, yet he remained uncompromising in his assessment of the state of Shiism during his time. It would be fair to say that Sangelaji did, however, pave the way for the development of many of Shariatis religious ideas.
For Sangelaji the way in which believers blindly imitated their faith and mechanically carried out the details of their worship, according to a few towering jurists or experts in the reports (ahadith) of the past, gradually dulled their wits, precluded reflection on the real purpose and object of worship, prevented critical thought and interposed a growing distance between believers and God. Sangelaji was pre-occupied with the thought that monotheism and the Quran were becoming eclipsed by popular rites and superstitions, adversely affecting not only the faith of the believers, but the socio-economic development of Iran. Sangelaji believed that he was defending Shiism against a multitude of questions and queries which during his time were unsatisfactorily responded to by the traditional guardians of the faith, causing the mass departure of the youth from the faith. Sangelajis reform project aimed at launching an in-house debate on the state of Shiism, as it had evolved and demonstrating the necessity of change to save the faith and the convictions of the faithful. This book attempts to shed some light on this important yet little-known Iranian reformist cleric, his life, time, ideas and discourse.
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