David Cheesman - Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind: 1865-1901

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Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind

18651901

Centre of South Asian Studies,

School of Oriental and African Studies,

University of London

LONDON STUDIES ON SOUTH ASIA

10. John Bullions Empire

G. Balachandran

11. Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind

David Cheesman

Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind

18651901

David Cheesman

First published in 1997

by Curzon Press

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1997 David Cheesman

Typeset in Plantin by LaserScript, Mitcham, Surrey

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN 13: 978-0-700-70470-5 (hbk)

To
Nazia

Contents

Population of Sind, 18721911

Muslim communities in Sind, 18811911

Crop production in Sind, 1871/721900/01

Examples of crop division in Sind

Landholdings in the Jamrao Tract, 19031904

Largeholders in Sind around the turn of the century

Largeholders in taluqa Larkana, 1869/701891/92

Largeholders in taluqa Sukkur, 1889/901897/98

Muslim and Hindu largeholders in Sind around the turn of the century

Largeholders in taluqa Mirpur Sakro, 1889/901902/03

Largeholders in taluqa Sujawal, 1883/841913/14

Incomes of two peasant families in taluqa Sukkur, 1873

Landholdings in Sind, 1800/811894/95

Landholdings in Larkana, 18701892

Debtors accounts

Debt in Sind, 1876

Position of Sind

Administrative divisions of Sind

Physiographic divisions of Sind

Profile of Indus river

Principal canals in Sind, 1907

Principal towns in Sind, and railways, 1876

Largeholders in taluqa Nasirabad, 1895/96

This book is based on my University of London PhD thesis. I should like to thank my Supervisor, Dr Z.H. Zaidi, for inspiring me to take up the topic in the first place, and then for encouraging me during the research; Professor Kenneth Ballhatchet, Dr Peter Hardy and John Harrison for the advice they have given me over the years; and to my examiners, Dr Percival Spear and Dr David Taylor, for encouraging me to publish the thesis. Much of my research was carried out at the India Office Library and Records (now the Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library). It is a pleasure to pay tribute to the efficient and courteous service provided by the staff there and to the friendly atmosphere which has made the Library not merely a place of work, but almost a second home for many students of Indian history.

Innumerable Pakistanis showed me kindness and generosity during a years study leave in Sind. I am particularly grateful for the hospitality extended to me by Behram Rustomji and his family, Ghulam Rabbani Aggro, Jam Sadiq Ali, Mir Mohammad Bux Khan Talpur and his sons, Mir Ahmed Khan Talpur and Mir Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur. I would also like to thank Dr M.H. Rizvi, Moinuddin Khan, Safdar Mehdi, Dr Hamida Khuhro, Sayad Pir Bakhsh, Rukundin, Dr G.A. Allana, Pyarali Allana, P.K. Shahani, Mustafa Hussain Lahori and all the staff at the Commissioners Record Office, Karachi, especially Ghulam Hussain.

Finally, I should like to thank the Economic and Social Research Council, who financed my research. It would have been impossible to undertake the project without their backing.

Afrinama	Letter of recommendation given by a government official in recognition of services rendered.
Akhund	Teacher.
Amil	Revenue officer; used in Sind to signify a non-bania, upper class Hindu.
Autaq	Guest house.
Bajri	Spiked millet.
Bania	Hindu trader.
Barani land	Land watered by rainfall.
Batai	Division of the crop at harvest time.
Bigah	A measure of land (2,500 square yards in Sind).
Bund	Earthen embankment or dyke.
Charkhi land	See lift land.
Darbar	Public audience given by senior person to invited notables.
Deh	Village.
Faqir	Religious mendicant.
Flow land	Land watered by overflow from a canal.
Hakabo	Water rate.
Hari	Ploughman, landless labourer.
Hurlo	Area irrigated by a Persian wheel.
Izzat	Status, prestige.
Jagir	Land given free of government assessment.
Jirga	Council of elders of a Baluch or Pathan tribe.
Juari	Great millet.
Jungle	Scrub, wild plants.
Kacho land	Land newly created by the river, which is submerged at each inundation.
Kalar	Salt-impregnated land.
Karia	Water-course.
Kasa	One sixtieth of a kharar.
Kharar	Twenty-nine and a half bushels; equivalent to twenty maunds of paddy or twenty-four maunds of juari, bajri or husked rice.
Kharif	Hot-weather cultivating season (May or June to October).
Khaskheli	Hereditary servant.
Lakh	One hundred thousand.
Lapo	A zamindari fee.
Lift land	Land watered by means of a Persian wheel.
Lungi	Piece of decorated cloth, worn as a scarf in Sind.
Maund	Forty sers (eighty-two and two-seventh pounds).
Mir	High ranking Muslim chief.
Moki land	See flow land.
Mukhtiarkar	Government official responsible for a taluqa.
Munshi	Subordinate officer of a Mukhtiarkar.
Murid	Disciple.
Nar	See Persian wheel.

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