Alexander S. Cudsi - Islam and Power (RLE Politics of Islam)

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: POLITICS OF ISLAM

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ISLAM AND POWER

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ISLAM AND POWER

Edited by

ALEXANDER S. CUDSI AND
ALI E. HILLAL DESSOUKI

Volume 3

First published 1981

This edition first published in 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1981 Hellenic Mediterranean Centre for Arabic and Islamic Studies

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-415-64437-2 (Set)
eISBN: 978-0-203-07906-5 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-415-83075-1 (Volume 3)
eISBN: 978-0-203-38142-7 (Volume 3)

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

ISLAM AND POWER

ISLAM AND POWER

EDITED BY ALEXANDER S. CUDSI
and ALI E. HILLAL DESSOUKI

1981 Hellenic Mediterranean Centre for Arabic and Islamic Studies
Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St John's Road, London SW11

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Islam and power. (Croom Helm series on

the Arab world)
1. Islam and Politics
I. Cudsi, A.S. II. Dessouki, Ali E.
Hillal
297.1977 BP173.7

ISBN 0-7099-0710-9

Reprinted 1982

Printed in Great Britain by
Biddies Ltd, Guildford, Surrey

CONTENTS

Michael Cook

Thomas Naff

Ali Merad

Ann Lambton

Abbas Kelidar

Alexandre Bennigsen

Ali E. Hillal Dessouki

Jean-Claude Vatin

Donal B. Cruise O'Brien

P.J. Vatikiotis

The Hellenic Mediterranean Centre for Arabic and Islamic Studies was founded in December 1976 as a postgraduate and research institution the first of its kind in Greece. In addition to teaching Arabic and Turkish, the Centre trains Greek postgraduates in the history, economics, politics and international relations of the Arab and Islamic countries.

In addition to its teaching and research activities, the Centre holds occasional conferences, seminars and international symposia. In the last two years, this aspect of the Centre's work has focused on various aspects of Islam. The present volume is an outcome of the seminars and conferences held on this topic.

Special thanks are due to Professor I. Georgakis, Greek Ambassador at Large. The foundation of the Centre is a result of his efforts over the years to introduce in to Greece the study of the world of Islam and the modern Arab world. As chairman of the Centre's Governing Council, he continues to offer his active service, support and encouragement to the Centre.

The Centre is also grateful to our colleagues from the Middle East, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Their participation and support have contributed greatly to the early work of the Centre.

PJV

The 1970s witnessed a mushrooming of Islamic movements and ideas which was described variously as Islamic revival, Islamic resurgence and Islam on the march. Whether as part of the majority or minority, whether under capitalist or socialist regimes, Muslims have been moved by this reawakening.1

The massive demonstrations which led to the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran have now brought into sharp relief Western interest in Islamic resurgence, especially with the increasing importance of oil-producing Arab countries to Western economies. The probable political repercussions to a number of neighbouring Muslim countries of the Islamic revolution in Iran have raised serious strategic questions. At the same time, Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan and the rise of an Islamic resistance movement, whose members are known as al-mujahidin, have presented Western analysts and policy makers with a golden opportunity to incite Muslim anti-Soviet feelings.

But what really are the causes and nature of this Islamic resurgence? Is it a purely religious revival? Or is it a social and political movement that must be understood in the context of the Muslims' conditions and milieu? Or is it a combination of both? What are the social classes to whom Islamic groups appeal most? Will it really lead to the establishment of an Islamic socio-political order or will it end up as an instrument of struggle between Muslim ruling elites and their opposition?2 And finally what are the foreign policy implications of these developments? Do they necessarily lead to a more militant and hostile attitude towards the West?

It is beyond the scope of this introduction to attempt an answer to all of these questions. A number of them are treated by the various contributors in this book. An important point, however, is the role of Islam as an instrument in the political struggle between ruling elites and opposition groups. Islam has been used by various rulers to acquire and sustain legitimacy, or to mobilise masses, in support of particular policy options. In such situations, rulers usually effect an alliance with the religious establishment. But Islam has also emerged (as in the case of Iran, Tunisia and Egypt) as an expression of political opposition and social discontent. It is this framework of the use of Islam as a political instrument that we should like to deal with in more detail.

Islamic Resurgence

Islamic resurgence must have bewildered a number of theorists of modernisation who view this process from what one might call a displacement-transformation perspective.3 This group of theorists perceives the process of modernisation in post-colonial countries as one of fundamental change from a traditional socio-political order, including of course religion and religious values, to a modern one. This view is shared by liberal, marxist and revolutionary writers alike. Liberal authors used the images of the passing of traditional society (Daniel Lerner),4 the shattering of the glass (Manfred Halpern)5 and social mobilisation (Karl W. Deutsch).6 Some revolutionary Arab thinkers such as Hisham Sharabi and Jalal Sadiqal-Azm took a critical view of religion and its role in society. Notwithstanding ideological differences, both groups depart from a dichotomous vision of social reality.7

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