John Freely - Aladdins Lamp: How Greek Science Came to Europe Through the Islamic World

7 The Greek World in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.

9 The use of a gnomon in determining the seasons (from Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution)

29 The apparent motion of typical stars in the northern sky over a two-hour period, where the center of rotation is the north celestial pole, the projection of the north geographic pole (from Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution)

29 The apparent motion of the sun among the constellations; the effect is due to the fact that the observer, on the earth, is orbiting around the sun (from James B. Kaler, Astronomy!)

30 The tilt of the earth's axis as the cause of the seasons (from Robert H. Baker, Astronomy: An Introduction)

31 Above: The apparent motion of the sun through the constellations Aries and Taurus. Below: The apparent motion of Mars through the constellations Aries and Taurus, showing its retrograde motion (from Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution)

34 Aristotle's cosmology (from Petrus Apianus, Cosmographia per Gemma Phrysius Restituta [Antwerp, 1539]).

41 Measurement of the earth's circumference by Eratosthenes (from Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin, Introduction to Astronomy)

45 Stellar parallax (from Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin, Introduction to Astronomy)

46 From Aristarchus's On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon. Above: The lunar dichotomy. Below: A lunar eclipse diagram (from Albert Van Helden, Measuring the Universe)

47 The conic sections (from Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin, Introduction to Astronomy)

48 The epicycle theory of Apollonius (from G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science After Aristotle)

49 Inventions of Hero's. Above: Temple doors opened by fire on an altar. Below: A steam engine (from G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science After Aristotle)

51 The precession of the equinoxes. Above: Precession caused by the forces of the sun and the moon on the earth's equatorial bulge. Below: The path of the north celestial pole in the celestial sphere (from Robert H. Baker, Astronomy: An Introduction)

54 Ptolemy's concept of the equant (from A. Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy)

55 A simplified version of Ptolemy's planetary model (from G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science After Aristotle)

56 Ptolemy's experimental investigation of refraction (from G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science After Aristotle)

73 The Islamic World ca. A.D. 800.

88 The constellation Perseus shown in al-Sufi's Treatise on the Constellations of the Fixed Stars, from a tenth-century Arabic manuscript (from the British Library, Or. Ms. 5323 f.21v).

93 A water-raising machine, from a fourteenth-century Arabic manuscript of al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Bodleian Library, Oxford; Peter Whitfield, Landmarks in Western Science)

133 Development of the Hindu-Arabic numbers (from Carl Boyer, History of Mathematics)

163 The formation of primary and secondary rainbows (from Isaac Newton's Opticks)

186 The Copernican heliocentric theory, De Revolutionibus, 1543 (from Angus Armitage, Copernicus and Modern Astronomy)

194 A model of the Copernican system from Thomas Digges's A Prognostication Everlasting, 1576 (from Peter Whitfield, Landmarks in Western Science)

198 The Tychonic system (from Tycho Brahe, De Mundi aetherei recen-tioribus phaenomenis, Uraniborg, 1588; Kitty Ferguson, Tycho andKepler)

203 Kepler's first two laws of planetary motion (from Kitty Ferguson, Tycho and Kepler)

220 An illustration from Newton's Principia showing a projectile in orbit around the earth.

232 Takiyuddin's Istanbul Observatory (from the Shahanshahi-namah, sixteenth century, MS No. 1404, Istanbul University Library).