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Georgios Anagnostopoulos - Reason and Analysis in Ancient Greek Philosophy : Essays in Honor of David Keyt

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Georgios Anagnostopoulos Reason and Analysis in Ancient Greek Philosophy : Essays in Honor of David Keyt
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This distinctive collection of original articles features contributions from many of the leading scholars of ancient Greek philosophy. They explore the concept of reason and the method of analysis and the central role they play in the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They engage with salient themes in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political theory, as well as tracing links between each thinkers ideas on selected topics.

The volume contains analyses of Platos Socrates, focusing on his views of moral psychology, the obligation to obey the law, the foundations of politics, justice and retribution, and Socratic virtue. On Platos Republic, the discussions cover the relationship between politics and philosophy, the primacy of reason over the souls non-rational capacities, the analogy of the city and the soul, and our responsibility for choosing how we live our own lives. The anthology also probes Platos analysis of logos (reason or language) which underlies his philosophy including the theory of forms. A quartet of reflections explores Aristotelian themes including the connections between knowledge and belief, the nature of essence and function, and his theories of virtue and grace.

The volume concludes with an insightful intellectual memoir by David Keyt which charts the rise of analytic classical scholarship in the past century and along the way provides entertaining anecdotes involving major figures in modern academic philosophy. Blending academic authority with creative flair and demonstrating the continuing interest of ancient Greek philosophy, this book will be a valuable addition to the libraries of all those studying and researching the origins of Western philosophy.

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Georgios Anagnostopoulos and Fred D. Miller Jr. (eds.) Philosophical Studies Series Reason and Analysis in Ancient Greek Philosophy 2013 Essays in Honor of David Keyt 10.1007/978-94-007-6004-2_1 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Introduction
Georgios Anagnostopoulos 1
(1)
Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Dr. 9500, La Jolla, CA 92093-0119, USA
(2)
Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation, 1616 E. Wooster St. , Ste. 24, Bowling Green, OH 43402, USA
Georgios Anagnostopoulos (Corresponding author)
Email:
Fred D. Miller Jr.
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Abstract
During the latter half of the twentieth century in the wake of the rise of analytic philosophy, there was also a revival of the study of ancient Greek philosophy. This tandem development was no coincidence. Historians of philosophy came to realize that the new methods of philosophical analysis and criticism could be put to use in uncovering lost treasures in ancient Greek philosophical texts. Plato, Aristotle, and other classical thinkers had themselves used sophisticated techniques of analysis, definition, and argumentation to grapple with fundamental issues and to make important theoretical contributions. Even the apparent missteps committed by the ancients might prove to be instructive. David Keyts memoir, A Life in the Academy, which is the first essay in this volume, sheds valuable light on this history.
During the latter half of the twentieth century in the wake of the rise of analytic philosophy, there was also a revival of the study of ancient Greek philosophy. This tandem development was no coincidence. Historians of philosophy came to realize that the new methods of philosophical analysis and criticism could be put to use in uncovering lost treasures in ancient Greek philosophical texts. Plato, Aristotle, and other classical thinkers had themselves used sophisticated techniques of analysis, definition, and argumentation to grapple with fundamental issues and to make important theoretical contributions. Even the apparent missteps committed by the ancients might prove to be instructive. David Keyts memoir, A Life in the Academy, which is the first essay in this volume, sheds valuable light on this history.
David Keyt is widely acknowledged as a master in applying philosophical analysis to the interpretation and criticism of ancient texts and the demonstration of their relevance to modern philosophical issues. The following is a brief overview of his most influential contributions to the study of ancient philosophy.
Keyts early work was devoted to Platos metaphysics and epistemology. In The Fallacies in Phaedo , 102A-107B (Keyt ), where he showed that Platos analysis of falsity is open to competing interpretations, which in fact correspond to different modern theories of predication.
David Keyts attention turned to ethics and politics, partly as a result of his experiences in the academy during the tumultuous era of the Vietnam War. The study of the moral and political philosophy of Aristotle (and of Plato to a lesser extent) has continued to be a major focus of his scholarly work. He addressed a fundamental question concerning Aristotles ethics: What is the best life for a human being? In Intellectualism in Aristotle (Keyt ), also coedited with Miller, included recent contributions by leading scholars.
In conclusion, David Keyts published works have established the highest standards of originality, rigor, and clarity combined with close and faithful exegesis. In all of his scholarship, he has sought to lay bare the logical structure of crucial arguments, employing the tools of modern analysis but eschewing anachronism. In view of his many valuable contributions to the field of ancient Greek philosophy, it is fitting to honor David Keyt with this collection of essays by his students, colleagues, and friends on the themes of analysis and reason in Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The essays explore the central role of the concept of reason in metaphysics, moral psychology, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. They should be of great interest to contemporary philosophers who recognize that these ancient Greek thinkers discovered many of the analytical methods which continue to be applied today and that they remain a valuable source of theoretical insights.
Reason and analysis form a fitting and unifying theme for this collection. The first five essays dedicated to David Keyt are devoted to the central role of reason in the philosophy of Socrates as presented in Platos earlier dialogues. Socrates is generally held to espouse intellectualism, the thesis that reason is and ought to be the ruler of the soul. Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, in Moral Psychology in Platos Apology ,, consider what implications this has for the place of desire and emotion in Socratic moral psychology. They argue that several passages in Platos Apology , cannot be appropriately understood by what has come to be the most widely accepted interpretation of Socratic intellectualism. According to this view, Brickhouse and Smith explain, Socrates saw no role in the explanation of human behavior for such psychological factors as appetites or passions/emotions. They claim, on the contrary, that certain passages in Platos Apology , actually reveal that Socrates was quite ready to explain human behavior in precisely the way this interpretation claims he would not (or could not) do. Brickhouse and Smith then provide an understanding of what Socrates is saying in these passages that makes much better sense of them but also continues to depict Socratic moral psychology as intellectualist. They conclude that Socrates does subscribe to an intellectualist moral psychology insofar as it remains true that all human agents always act in ways that reflect their beliefs about what is best for them at the time of action.
In Platos Crito ,, Socrates offers a famous and much criticized argument that he has a moral obligation to obey the laws of Athens. Three essays examine what Socrates intends to prove with this argument and whether it is defensible. In the first of the these essays, Socrates, the Athenian, Jean Roberts argues that although the speech that Socrates gives in the Crito , in the voice of the Laws of Athens claims that an Athenian citizen owes absolute obedience to them, the speech does not articulate Socrates full and considered judgment about his moral obligation to act in accordance with Athenian law. She argues that the speech articulates Socrates conception of his legal obligation, an obligation that is, in the broader context of the argument in the Crito ,, carefully subordinated to his broader moral obligations. In this way, the otherwise curious feature of Socrates speaking as the Laws of Athens is explained. The Laws are made to describe their understanding of a citizens commitment, an understanding that Socrates endorses as such in speaking for them. Nevertheless, she argues, just as any other commitment or agreement in Socrates view, this one should only be kept as long as doing so does not require doing injustice, a principle enunciated immediately before the speech of the Laws. She concludes that since the situation in which Socrates finds himself in the Crito , is not one in which he is ordered to do anything unjust, he is bound to obey.
In the next contribution to the collection, Socrates on the Impossibility of a Reasonable Politics, Stephen M. Gardiner argues that while Socrates comes across as a heroic figure on the one hand, his political theory can seem extreme, myopic, and dangerously nave, on the other hand. Gardiner contends that Socrates appears paradoxical because he fails to appreciate the need of citizens for protection from the city, he is insensitive to the importance of standard forms of political discourse, and he characterizes himself as the only true politician because of the nature of the political dialogue in which he engages. Gardiner considers possible routes to resolving the paradoxical portrait of Socrates and concludes that Socrates is a pessimist about politics and that this pessimism both explains the apparently troubling features of Socrates political theory and preserves the understanding of him as heroic.
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