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Copyright 2016 by Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman
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eBook ISBN: 9780698194403
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Newberg, Andrew B., 1966- | Waldman, Mark Robert.
Title: How enlightenment changes your brain : the new science of transformation / Andrew Newberg, MD, and Mark Robert Waldman.
Description: New York City : Avery, 2016.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015025731 | ISBN 9781594633454
Subjects: LCSH: Spirituality. | Awareness. | Insight. |
EnlightenmentMiscellanea. | NeurosciencesReligious aspects.
Classification: LCC BL624 .N485 2016 | DDC 204/.2dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015025731
Neither the publisher nor the authors are engaged in rendering professional advice or services to the individual reader. The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended as a substitute for consulting with your physician. All matters regarding your health require medical supervision. Neither the authors nor the publisher shall be liable or responsible for any loss or damage allegedly arising from any information or suggestion in this book.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Every book involves dozens of people to bring ones vision to fruition, and Mark and I would like to express our deepest appreciation to everyone who has worked with us over the past two decades. I especially want to thank the thousands of anonymous contributors who have shared their spiritual experiences with us through our surveys and brain-scan studies.
I would like to acknowledge my close colleagues that I have worked with over the years. In particular, Dr. Daniel Monti has become a great friend and colleague as the director of the Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University. He has been incredibly supportive of all of my work. My two wonderful mentors, Dr. Abass Alavi and the late Eugene dAquili, allowed me to explore this fascinating intersection of the brain and spirituality, always encouraging me to tread into uncharted waters. And Nancy Wintering has been a steadfast collaborator on all of these exciting projects.
We extend our gratitude to Chris Manning, PhD, at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, for helping us to clarify our Spectrum of Human Awareness. We also thank Yuval Ron, a scholar of the Abrahamic mystical traditions and their music, for his input and guidance regarding the complexities of Sufi practices and beliefs.
Our deepest appreciation goes to our agent, Jim Levine, and to our beloved editor, Caroline Sutton, who has brilliantly guided us through our last three books. Also, our heartfelt thanks goes to Brittney Ross, our coeditor for this project, and to Brianna Flaherty, our wonderful copy editor. We send an especially big hug to Bo Rinaldi, who gave us the inspiration to frame this book around the topic of personal enlightenment.
And of course, we could not do this work without the support of our wonderful families, particularly our wives, Stephanie and Susan. While enlightenment is always deeply personal, the experience becomes lacking if we cannot share it with those we love and work with every day.
AUTHORS NOTE
For over a decade, Mark and I have worked together exploring the nature of consciousness, spirituality, and the brain. For this book, since we have used much of my own research to describe enlightenment, we will generally be using I to refer to myself (Andrew), unless otherwise indicated.
But since Mark and I work closely in building our models and hypotheses, I will often use we to reflect our collaborative efforts. In addition, research is never a solitary venture, so youll often find references to our work, which also includes the members of my research staff and colleagues with whom I have worked for many years.
We have attempted to make the information in this book as user friendly as possible. But generalizations often leave out important subtleties and complexities. So for those who are interested in exploring these topics in more depth, we have provided extensive peer-reviewed references to substantiate the conclusions we have reached.
PART 1
THE ROOTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT
I awake
Like bursting ice
In a water jar.
Basho, seventeenth-century Zen poet
ONE
The Enlightenment of a Troubled Kid
H ave you ever had an experience that completely and wholly changed your life? An experience that changed the way you thought and the way you acted? An experience that entirely changed your views about your job, your relationships, and your life in general? Many people have. For some, it converted their religious or spiritual beliefs. For others, it may have convinced them that God doesnt exist. Its the type of experience that can totally change the direction of your life, leading you down new paths of discovery.
Perhaps such an experience hasnt happened to you, but you know that you are looking for something that will profoundly change your life and provide you with a new sense of meaning and purpose. People have questions, really big questions, and they are seeking answers, really big answers. Theyll spend a fortune on self-help books and courses that promise to transform them, only to be disappointed.
Still, most of us continue to struggle to find it. But almost everyone has gotten a glimmer of those big, life-changing experiences. Even the smallest moments of clarity harbor some of the same basic elements of the it we feel driven to find.
The itthe transformation we seekis what most people refer to as Enlightenment, with a big E. Eastern philosophy makes a big deal out of big E Enlightenment, but in the West, philosophers talk about another form of enlightenment, a small e mini-experience that provides us with new insights about ourselves and the world. Throughout this book, we will distinguish the big E experiences by using the capital letter for Enlightenment, and when we refer to the smaller moments, we will use the lowercase enlightenment. These smaller experiencesthese little e enlightenmentsare great to have and are very helpful for understanding the big E Enlightenment. In fact, our research shows that the smaller experiences might even prime our brains to have those grand life-changing transformations. The big Enlightenment experiences are the ones that ultimately relieve suffering and bring peace and happiness to people. And that is the type of experience that the human brain appears to crave.