Manhattan Prep - GRE Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence
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Manhattan Preps 4th Edition GRE Strategy Guides have been redesigned with the student in mind. With updated content and new practice problems, they are the richest, most content-driven GRE materials on the market.
Written by Manhattan Preps high-caliber GRE instructors, the GRE Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence strategy guide provides a comprehensive approach to the vocabulary-based questions on the GRE. Learn core principles and useful techniques for taking cues from the given sentence, anticipating correct answers, and eliminating wrong answers. Delving deeply into both of the GREs vocabulary question types, this guide provides straightforward step-by-step processes, detailed examples, and built-in exercises to hone particular skills. It is designed to ensure that, not only do you know the vocabulary being tested, but you can also use those words in context with ease and efficiency. Each chapter provides comprehensive coverage of the subject matter through rules, strategies, and in-depth examples to help you build confidence and content mastery. In addition, the guide contains complete problem sets, with detailed answer explanations written by top-scorers, and numerous exercises that you can use build accuracy and speed.
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Roots List
Many words in English, especially those that come from Latin or Greek, have more than one part. Here is the basic pattern:
Word = Prefix + Root + Suffix
EXCISION = EX + CIS + ION
The root contains the original core meaning of the word, although this meaning may have changed over time. Here, the root cis means cut.
The prefix alters that meaning in some way. Here, the prefix ex- means out or away.
Together, the prefix and the root handle most of the meaning: ex + cis = excise, or cut away.
Finally, the suffix determines the part of speech. The suffix ion means the action of doing X, so excision means the act of cutting away.
Be careful! Many words do not break down so cleanly. Also, roots can be misleading. The original meaning of a word may have only been related in a metaphorical sense to the meaning of its original parts. Moreover, over time, many words drift very far from their original, etymological meaning (some words transform so much that they come to mean the opposite of their original meaning).
Study roots, prefixes, and suffixes primarily to solidify your vocabulary. On the test, you can and should use your root knowledge to guess at the meaning of unknown words. Realize, however, that roots are most helpful now, while you're studyingnot the day of the test. Be sure to learn the full dictionary meanings of vocabulary words.
Part I: Roots
This list includes a broad selection of roots and illustrative examples that often appear on the GRE. The examples have been chosen specifically to illustrate the root and thus to avoid meaning drift. Nearly all the roots are Latin or Greek. This list is not exhaustive; it is meant to provide a useful reference.
The definitions given for the harder words are brief. Remember to consult your dictionary for nuances.
| ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
| ac acer acri acro | sharp or point or high | acid acrid = sharp, bitter (of smell or taste) acerbity = bitterness acrimony = sharpness of words, behavior, or feeling acme = highest point, best level acrophobia = high + fear = fear of heights acumen = sharpness of intellect |
| ag act | drive or lead or do | agent, act demagogue = people + lead = leader who appeals (falsely) to the people |
| alt | high | altitude, altimeter exalted = out + high = raised high |
| ambul | walk | circumambulate = around + walk = walk around in a circle perambulator = around + walk = baby carriage |
| anim | spirit or breath | animate unanimous = one + spirit = in complete agreement equanimity = even + spirit = calmness, balance under stress magnanimity = great + spirit = nobility of spirit, generosity pusillanimous = tiny + spirit = cowardly, without courage |
| arch | rule | anarchy = not + ruler = chaos, lack of government |
| aud | hear | audience, audible auditory = related to hearing |
| bell belli | war | rebellion bellicose = ready to fight, warlike belligerent = war + do = hostile, provocative, or actually at war |
| cad cid | fall | decadent = away + fall = in a state of decline, often self-indulgent recidivism = back + fall = tendency to relapse to earlier behavior or crime |
| ced cess ceed | go or yield | proceed, succeed, exceed, recede cede = yield antecedent = before + go = earlier event or cause precedent = before + go = earlier example cessation = end of an action |
| chron | time | chronological, chronic anachronism = not + time = something out of place in time diachronic = through + time = relating to change over time |
| cis cide | cut or kill | incisive = into + cut = cutting to the heart of a matter, direct excision = out + cut = act of cutting out, removing regicide = king + kill = murder of a king |
| clud clus claus | close | include, exclude, inclusion, claustrophobia preclude = before + close = prevent, rule out beforehand occlude = against + close = block off or conceal |
| crat crac | rule | democracy autocratic = self + ruler = relating to an absolute ruler or tyrant |
| cred creed | believe | incredible, creed credence = acceptance, trust credulity = readiness to believe, gullibility incredulous = skeptical, unwilling to believe |
| dei | god | deify = god + make = make into a god, glorify |
| demo dem | people | democracy demographic = related to a population, or a segment of a population pandemic = all + people = something affecting everyone, usually a disease endemic = in + people = native to a population demagogue = people + lead = leader who appeals (falsely) to the people |
| dict | say | predict, contradict, jurisdiction benediction = good + say = blessing valedictory = farewell + say = expressing a farewell (often by a speech) |
| duc | lead or pull | produce, abduct, conduct deduce = away + lead = determine from general principles ductile = able to be led easily (people) or to be drawn out into wire (metals) induct = in + lead = admit as a member |
| dur, dure | hard or lasting | durable, endure, endurance, duration, during duress = compulsion, restraint by force obdurate = against + hard = hard of heart, stubborn |
| equi equa | equal or even | equation, equator equitable = dealing fairly on all sides equanimity = even + spirit = calmness under stress, balance equivocate = equal + voice = say something open to more than one interpretation in order to mislead or to avoid commitment equable = uniform, steady, unchanging |
| fac fec fic fy | do or make | terrify, purify, pacify, affect, effect, fact, artificial rarefy = rare + make = make thin, pure, less dense verify = true + make = confirm as true sanctify = holy + make = make holy deify = god + make = make into a god, glorify beneficent = good + do = doing good for others maleficent = bad + do = doing harm or evil facile = easily done or understood, lacking depth or authenticity facilitate = to make easy, help to happen |
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