Bernard Lewis - Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire (Centers of Civilization Series)
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Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire (Centers of Civilization Series)
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Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire Centers of Civilization Series, 9
author
:
Lewis, Bernard.
publisher
:
University of Oklahoma Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0806110600
print isbn13
:
9780806110608
ebook isbn13
:
9780585194035
language
:
English
subject
Istanbul (Turkey)--Civilization.
publication date
:
1972
lcc
:
DR726.L4eb
ddc
:
914.961
subject
:
Istanbul (Turkey)--Civilization.
Page i
THE CENTERS OF CIVILIZATION SERIES
Page v
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
by Bernard Lewis
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS NORMAN AND LONDON
Page vi
BOOKS BY BERNARD LEWIS
The Origins of Isma'ilism: A Study of the Historical Background of the Fatimid Caliphate. Cambridge, 1940. A Handbook of Diplomatic and Political Arabic. London, 1947. The Arabs in History. London, 1950. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London, 1961. Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire. Norman, 1963.
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-17161 ISBN: 0-8061-1060-0
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire is Volume 9 in The Centers of Civilization Series.
Copyright 1963 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Page vii
To Ruth
Page ix
Preface
The great city by the Bosporus has been known by many names. To the Slavs, it was Tsargrad, the Emperor's city; to the Northmen, Myklagaard or Micklegarth, the Great Town. The Greeks and Romans knew it as Byzantium, the name of the old settlement on the site; as new Rome, and above all as Constantinupolis, the city of Constantine, who founded his new imperial capital there in 330 A.D. The new name, in the forms Kostantiniyya or Kustantiniyya, was also used by the Muslims beyond the eastern and southern borders of the Empire.
Most commonly, the Byzantines were content to speak of their magnificent capital simply as "the city," h polis. It is this word that probably underlies another name, attested in Muslim historical and geographical writings as early as the tenth century. The name Istanbul is of disputed etymology: the explanation most generally accepted derives it from the phrase eis tn polin, to the city, which the Muslims might
Page x
have heard from their Greek neighbors in Asia Minor. Though widely used by Turks and other Muslims, the name Istanbul did not pass into Ottoman official usage. An imaginative adaptation of it, Islambol, full of Islam, appeared for a while on Ottoman coins and documents; but for the most part the Ottoman Sultans, from the conquest until the fall of the Empire, preferred to retain the name Kostantiniyya and to vary it with such poetic designations as the Abode of Sovereignty and the Threshold of Bliss. The final and official replacement of Constantinople by Istanbul did not take place until 1930.
For many centuries, however, Istanbul has been the common designation given by the Turks to the great city which they conquered and made the center of their empire and civilization. In the following pages an attempt is made to portray some aspects of this empire and civilization, as they flourished in the days of Ottoman greatness. As far as possible this has been done in the words of contemporary Turkish and Western observers.
The extract from Ktib Chelebi in Chapter VI is in the version of Dr. G. L. Lewis; my thanks are due to him and to Messrs. George Allen and Unwin for permission to reproduce it. The passages from Sad el-Din in Chapter I and from Evliya Chelebi in Chapter V are in the translations of E. J. W. Gibb and J. Hammer, respectively, both slightly revised; the poem by Mesihi in Chapter VI is in the version of Sir William Jones. Passages from continental European writers have been cited in contemporary or nearly contemporary English translations. Other English versions of Turkish texts are my
Page xi
The Mediterranean Area
Page xii
own. My thanks are due to the editor of Islamic Studies, Karachi, for permission to reproduce some of my translations of Lutfi Pasha, Kochu Bey, and Ktib Chelebi, which were originally published in the first issue of that journal, in March, 1962.
I should like to express my gratitude to Professor A. T. Hatto and Dr. V. L. Mnage, both of the University of London, who read through my typescript and made many suggestions for its improvement. My general debt to the masters of Ottoman studies, and particularly to Professor Paul Wittek, will be obvious to all workers in that field.
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