Fredric Sweney - The Art of Painting and Drawing Animals

ADAMS, NORMAN, and JOE SINGER. Drawing Animals. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1979.

Africa, From the Sahara to the Zambesi. Peoples of the Earth Series, vol. II. Suffern, N.Y.: The Danbury Press, 1973.

AlaskaHigh Road to Adventure. Washington: National Geographic Society, 1976.

AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES. The Birds of America. New York: Macmillan, 1941.

AYMAR, GORDON C. Bird Flight. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1936.

BATES, MARSTON, and the EDITORS OF LIFE. The Land and Wildlife of South America. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1964.

Birds of America. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing, 1936.

BRIDGES, WILLIAM. Wild Animals of the World. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing, 1948.

BRIDGMAN, GEORGE E. Bridgmans Complete Guide to Drawing from Life. New York: Sterling Publishing, 1952.

CALDERON, FRANK. Animal Painting and Anatomy. New York: Dover Publications, 1975.

CARRINGTON, RICHARD. The Mammals. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1963.

CONRAD BARNABY. La Fiesta Brava. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

CUTLER, MERRITT. How to Cut Drawings on Scratchboard. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1949.

Domestic Descendants. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Films, 1979.

DUPLAIX, NICOLE, and NOEL SIMON. World Guide to Mammals. New York: Crown, 1976.

DUPONT, JACQUES, and FRANCOIS MATHEY. The Seventeenth Century: The New Development in Art from Caravaggio to Vermeer. The Great Centuries of Painting Series. Skira, 1951.

EAST, BEN. Bears. New York: Outdoor Life Crown Publishers, 1977.

ELLENBERGER, W., H. BAUM, and H. DITTRICH. An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists. New York: Dover Publications, 1949.

FARB, PETER, and the EDITORS OF LIFE. Ecology. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1963.

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KUHN, BOB. The Animal Art of Bob Kuhn. North Light Publishers, 1973.

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LESLIE, CLARE WALKER. Nature Drawing-A Tool for Learning. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

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WILWERDING, WALTER J. Animal Drawing and Painting. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1946.

CHAPTER ONE

The first artist

FROM THE SLIMY, FOUL-SMELLING SWAMP of 250 million years ago, the amphibians, those sluggish creatures of the reptilian world, took their first tentative footsteps into the Paleozoic period. From this ancestral beginning the reptiles, birds, and animals had their birth. Humans did not appear until many millions of years later. The golden age of the dinosaurs lay ahead, but the first bird, Archaeopteryx, a magnificent, crow-sized, reptile-like creature with the beautiful feathers, already was here. (See .)

During this era, when gigantic, cold-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates roamed the world, many warm-blooded creatures who bore their young alive and nursed them through infancy also inhabited this planet. The mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros searched for food, and they in turn were being hunted by the Neanderthal.

The sabre-toothed tiger () still prowled the land but, inexplicably, these giantsthe mammoths, mastodons, and sabre-toothsdied quickly as the ice retreated toward the north, leaving the smaller animals, such as the rabbits, reindeer, and bison, to replenish and inhabit the earth.

The Cro-Magnon, who replaced the Neanderthal of the Stone Age 35,000 years ago, were successful in recording their impressions of the animals and birds of their time. Some of these illustrations are found on the walls and ceilings of the caves at Lascaux, Niaux, and Rouffignac in France, and at Spains Altimira Cave.