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Copyright 2012 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review or for limited educational use.
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This book was manufactured by Sheridan Books,
Ann Arbor, MI USA.
August 2012, Job# 338683
ISBN: 978-1-93674-975-1
Illustrations by Samuel Carbaugh
Educational Consultant Marla Conn
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Contents
C HAPTER 1
DEVELOPMENT OF R OBOTICS
C HAPTER 2
H OUSING: R OBOT B ODIES
C HAPTER 3
ACTUATORS: M AKING R OBOTS M OVE
C HAPTER 4
E FFECTORS: H OW R OBOTS D O T HINGS
C HAPTER 5
SENSORS: H OW R OBOTS K NOW W HATS G OING ON
C HAPTER 6
CONTROLLERS: H OW R OBOTS T HINK
CHAPTER 7
AI, S OCIAL R OBOTS, AND THE F UTURE OF R OBOTICS
Timeline: The History of Robots and Robotics
200 BCE | Mechanical musical group presented to Chinese emperor. |
1464 CE | Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci designs a mechanical knight at age 12. |
1801 | French silk cloth maker Joseph Marie Jacquard builds a machine that weaves different patterns automatically. |
1822 | English mathematician Charles Babbage uses Jacquards idea to create a mechanical calculator called the Analytical Engine. |
1842 | English writer Ada Lovelace designs an early computer program for Babbages invention. |
1898 | Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla demonstrates the worlds first remote-control device in New York City. |
1921 | Czech writer Karel Capek invents the word robot in his play R.U.R. |
1941 | American science fiction writer Isaac Asimov invents the word robotics in his book I, Robot. |
1947 | The invention of the transistor makes small, light, movable computers and robots possible. |
1958 | Cheap, compact microprocessors make it possible to add computing ability to almost any kind of electric device. |
1961 | Unimate, the first robot used in a factory, is installed in a General Motors automobile plant in New Jersey. |
1966 | Joseph Weizenbaum of MIT designs Eliza, the earliest chatbot that can hold a conversation like a person. |
1967 | Mathematician Seymour Papert of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory develops the Logo language for students to program a turtle robot. |
1986 | Honda begins work on a walking robot, the first ASIMO. |
1989 | Robotics physicist Mark W. Tilden invents simple but lifelike solar-powered BEAM robots. |
1989 | World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov wins against a chess-playing IBM computer called Deep Thought. |
1992 | FIRST Robotics Competition for students, founded by inventor Dean Kamen, holds its first season. |
1997 | The IBM chess-playing robot Deep Blue wins against Garry Kasparov. |
1998 | Cynthia Breazeal of the MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group produces Kismet, a robotic face that can show feelings. |
1998 | LEGO releases its MindStorms Robotic Invention System, developed with MIT. |
1999 | Intuitive Surgical introduces the da Vinci Surgical System, which helps doctors operate using miniature medical tools. |
2001 | The Talon military robot is used by rescue workers after the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center. |
2002 | The first popular home robot, the Roomba vacuum cleaner, is sold by iRobot. |
2004 | The NASA robot rovers Spirit and Opportunity begin exploration of Mars. |
2004 | Robosapien, a humanoid toy robot invented by Mark Tilden, is released by WowWee. |
2008 | A study by Saint Louis University finds that Aibo, a robotic dog made by Sony, is just as good at cheering up residents at a home for the elderly as a live dog. |
2010 | On roads in California, the Internet search company Google tests a self-driving car developed by computer scientist Sebastian Thrun of Stanford University. |
2011 | After a massive earthquake in Japan, iRobot PackBots are sent in to investigate a flood-damaged nuclear power plant. |
2011 | A Girl Scout team wins $20,000 for a robotic hand called the BOB-1 in the First LEGO League competition. |
2011 | The IBM computer Watson beats two top human players on the TV game show Jeopardy. |
2012 | Hospitals in the United States begin using the ReWalk-powered exoskeleton with paralyzed patients. |
Introduction
THE WORLD OF ROBOTICS
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