Larramendy Marcelo L - Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology

Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology

Non-traditional Terrestrial Models

Issues in Toxicology

Series Editors:

Diana Anderson, University of Bradford, UK

Michael D. Waters, Michael Waters Consulting, USA

Timothy C. Marrs, Edentox Associates, UK

Editorial Advisor:

Alok Dhawan, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India

Titles in the Series:

1: Hair in Toxicology: An Important Bio-Monitor

2: Male-mediated Developmental Toxicity

3: Cytochrome P450: Role in the Metabolism and Toxicity of Drugs and other Xenobiotics

4: Bile Acids: Toxicology and Bioactivity

5: The Comet Assay in Toxicology

6: Silver in Healthcare

7: In Silico Toxicology: Principles and Applications

8: Environmental Cardiology

9: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 1: Ongoing Programs and Exposures

10: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 2: Selected Biomarkers of Current Interest

11: Hormone-Disruptive Chemical Contaminants in Food

12: Mammalian Toxicology of Insecticides

13: The Cellular Response to the Genotoxic Insult: The Question of Threshold for Genotoxic Carcinogens

14: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans: Volume 1

15: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans: Volume 2

16: Aging and Vulnerability to Environmental Chemicals: Age-related Disorders and their Origins in Environmental Exposures

17: Chemical Toxicity Prediction: Category Formation and Read-Across

18: The Carcinogenicity of Metals: Human Risk Through Occupational and Environmental Exposure

19: Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing

20: Advances in Dermatological Sciences

21: Metabolic Profiling: Disease and Xenobiotics

22: Manganese in Health and Disease

23: Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products

24: Masked Mycotoxins in Food: Formation, Occurrence and Toxicological Relevance

25: Aerobiology: The Toxicology of Airborne Pathogens and Toxins

26: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 1: Fundamental Aspects

27: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 2: Management of Poisoning

28: Toxicogenomics in Predictive Carcinogenicity

29: Human Stem Cell Toxicology

30: The Comet Assay in Toxicology, 2nd edition

31: Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology

32: Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Terrestrial Models

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Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology

Non-traditional Terrestrial Models

Edited by

Marcelo L. Larramendy

National University of La Plata, Argentina

Email:

Issues in Toxicology No. 32

Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-811-8

PDF eISBN: 978-1-78801-057-3

EPUB eISBN: 978-1-78801-174-7

ISSN: 1757-7179

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017

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Preface

Many important ecosystems around the world are being constantly challenged owing to the growing human and industrial pressure exerted upon them. The use of various biomarkers in local, easily available species can be applied to evaluate the response of the biota to such pollutants. Several biological parameters mirror the interactions between toxic agents and biotic matrices. These are powerful tools that can be applied to environmental monitoring tests and studies. Their responses may reveal general deleterious effects to the organism, pinpointing alterations at a cellular, biochemical and molecular level, as well as higher levels of organisation.

Our global society needs to table down actions and set rules to evaluate and considerably reduce the real and potentially hazardous factors in the environment that can, as previously stated, result in health risks for all forms of life (including Homo sapiens sapiens). Despite major positive contributions in the field of health, owing to the immense progress achieved in science, technology and industrialization, the interaction between environmental risk and health is an often intricate equation, not self-evident, that involves a variety of not only social, political and economic, but also lifestyle factors. This cannot be emphasized enough. Health depends on the good quality of environmental basic ingredients, such as air, water, soil and food, among others. We believe that the ultimate challenge in this matter is to weigh-in short-term positive gains, while, at the same time, taking into account long-term effects of substances used. Available information about the toxic effects of heterogeneous xenobiotics, continuously released into human habitats, inadvertently, deliberately, or by non-regulated industrial discharges on biological components of the environment, is inconclusive.

There is not a clear-cut definition of the concept of Environmental Health. Various openings help us in the understanding of this concept. According to the World Health Organization, it is defined by all the physical, chemical and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting upon behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments For the National Environmental Health Association, this concept refers to the protection against environmental factors that may adversely impact human health or the ecological balances essential to long-term human health and environmental quality, whether in the natural or man-made environment. A third definition by the National Institute of Environmental Health Science also involves the criteria that the social environment encompasses lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, socioeconomic status, and other societal influences that may affect health.