Luciano Gamberini Anna Spagnolli Giulio Jacucci Benjamin - SYMBIOTIC INTERACTION: 5th international workshop, symbiotic 2016, padua

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The Author(s) 2017

Luciano Gamberini , Anna Spagnolli , Giulio Jacucci , Benjamin Blankertz and Jonathan Freeman (eds.) Symbiotic Interaction Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9961 10.1007/978-3-319-57753-1_1

Towards a Definition of Symbiotic Relations Between Humans and Machines

Luciano Gamberini 1

(1)

Department of General Psychology & Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, Padua University, Padua, Italy

Luciano Gamberini (Corresponding author)

Email:

Anna Spagnolli

Email:

Abstract

What are symbiotic systems? In this short paper, the workshop chairs describe the focus of this workshop and elaborate on the definition of symbiotic human-machine relation.

Keywords

Symbiotic system Human-computer interaction

Symbiotic relationships are probably most known from biology. In a symbiotic relationship between animals and/or plants, some organism closely interacts with another type of organism to ensure its own survival, so that both end up sharing the same habitat [].

After the pioneering discussion on men-computer [ sic ] symbiosis stimulated in the early 60 by J.C.R. Licklider []) or on billions of traces left by users of networked devices. A symbiotic device does not need to be reprogrammed or fine-tuned: on the contrary, it can learn, sense the context, evolve in close relation with the environment by analyzing the consequences of processes jointly started with humans.

So, although very different in purpose and tradition, all the symbiotic advances converge in technological products that tap directly the user to get input information. and evolve their own intelligence on the basis of their performance. The pervasiveness, ubiquity and consequentiality of such devices in everyday life justify their being singled out, monitored and reflected upon. The adoption of a dedicated label for such devices, such as symbiotic, is meant to encourage such process.

Elaborating on the description of symbiotic interaction first proposed in 2014 [.

Fig. 1.

A modification of Donald Normans action model to include a symbiotic system.

Since this process is meant to release the user from the burden of providing the information necessary to enjoy some improved, tailored service, it is in continuity with HCI principle of usability and intuitiveness. However, this process works so far in the background to become elusive and so peculiar in its interpretation of the users goals to misjudge them. There is room for reflection then on the risks for users, let alone the clear advantages brought about by symbiotic machines. Advantages will be described by almost all chapters in this book, each one illustrating some applications of symbiotic technology; risks will be highlighted and reflected upon in the next chapter.

Acknowledgments

The present reflections benefit from the work carried out within the EU project MindSee (grant agreement n. 611570).

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapters Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapters Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

References

Barfield, W.: Cyber-Humans: Our Future with Machines. Springer, Cham (2015) CrossRef

Blankertz, B., Jacucci, G., Gamberini, L., Spagnolli, A., Freeman, J. (eds.): Symbiotic 2015. LNCS, vol. 9359. Springer, Cham (2015). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24917-9

Douglas, A.E.: The symbiotic habit. Princeton University Press (2010)

Jacucci, G., Spagnolli, A., Freeman, J., Gamberini, L.: Symbiotic interaction: a critical definition and comparison to other human-computer paradigms. In: Jacucci, G., Gamberini, L., Freeman, J., Spagnolli, A. (eds.) Symbiotic 2014. LNCS, vol. 8820, pp. 320. Springer, Cham (2014). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13500-7_1

Jacucci, G., Gamberini, L., Freeman, J., Spagnolli, A. (eds.): Symbiotic 2014. LNCS, vol. 8820. Springer, Cham (2014). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13500-7

Janlert, L.E., Stolterman, E.: The Meaning of InteractivitySome Proposals for Definitions and Measures. HumanComputer Interaction, pp. 136 (2016)

Kirsh, D.: Embodied cognition and the magical future of interaction design. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) (1), 3 (2013) MathSciNet

Kling, R.: Social analyses of computing: theoretical perspectives in recent empirical research. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) (1), 61110 (1980) CrossRef

Licklider, J.C.: Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Trans. Hum. Factors Electron. , 411 (1960) CrossRef

Negri, P., Gamberini, L., Cutini, S.: A review of the research on subliminal techniques for implicit interaction in symbiotic systems. In: Jacucci, G., Gamberini, L., Freeman, J., Spagnolli, A. (eds.) Symbiotic 2014. LNCS, vol. 8820, pp. 4758. Springer, Cham (2014). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13500-7_4

Norman, D.A.: The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Book, New York (1988)

Ortony, A.: Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1993) CrossRef

Verbeek, P.P.: Beyond interaction: a short introduction to mediation theory. Interactions (3), 2631 (2015) CrossRef

Footnotes

Of course, a metaphor is able to illuminate some aspects of a domain by similarity with some other domain [], but not all aspects. Where the biological metaphor stops is in referring to two leaving organisms in partnership, since a symbiotic technology is not credited to share the same needs (and rights) as the human being to which it is joined.

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/docs/ict-wp2013-10-7-2013-with-cover-issn.pdf .

The Author(s) 2017

Luciano Gamberini , Anna Spagnolli , Giulio Jacucci , Benjamin Blankertz and Jonathan Freeman (eds.) Symbiotic Interaction Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9961 10.1007/978-3-319-57753-1_2

Adapting the System to Users Based on Implicit Data: Ethical Risks and Possible Solutions

Anna Spagnolli 1

(1)

Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre and Department of General Psychology, Padua University, Padua, Italy

(2)

Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre and Department of Mathematics, Padua University, Padua, Italy

(3)

Departmentof Political Science, Law and International Studies, Padua University, Padua, Italy

(4)

Goldsmiths College, University of London, London, UK

(5)

University of California at San Diego, San Diego, USA

(6)

Unversity of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands

Anna Spagnolli (Corresponding author)

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