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Marinatos - Goddess and the Warrior: the Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion

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Marinatos Goddess and the Warrior: the Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion
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BOOK COVER -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- DEDICATION -- CONTENTS -- FIGURES -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 THE NAKED GODDESS AND MISTRESS OF ANIMALS IN THE NEAR EAST AND GREECE -- The naked goddess and the goddess who lifts her skirt -- Sexuality and danger: the naked goddess on Syrian seals -- The naked goddess as a Mistress of Animals on Near Eastern seals -- Naked figurines from Syro-Palestine -- Egyptian Qu-du-shu -- The naked goddess on armour -- Jewellery -- Naked figurines and plaques in Greece in the Orientalizing period: the case of Gortyn -- 2 CIRCE AS THE LEGACY OF THE NAKED GODDESS IN GREEK MYTH -- Circes name: female hawk -- The hawk and its connection with Near Eastern and Egyptian goddesses -- Circe as a Mistress of Animals in the Odyssey -- Circe as a sexual goddess: sexuality and danger on Archaic vases -- Literary prototypes for Circe in the Near East -- 3 GORGO: ADVERSARY AND PATRONESS OF MEN -- Introduction -- The Mistress of Animals -- Gorgo, snake-handlers and magicians -- The sexually threatening Gorgo -- Gorgo, horses and the young hero -- Medusa and Perseus: initiation in myth and ritual -- Gorgo as an initiatrix at the Temple of Artemis -- Conclusions and summary -- 4 PATRON GODDESSES AND MALE IDENTITY -- The Temple of Prinias -- Naked goddesses and magical triads -- Further iconographical evidence -- The Mistress of Animals as a patroness of the warrior and hero -- 5 THE MISTRESS OF ANIMALS-ARTEMIS, GORGO AND THE ICONOGRAPHY OF VIOLENCE -- Introduction -- Some observations on the iconography of Artemis and the Mistress of Animals -- The relationship of Artemis to warriors -- The temple at Corfu and shield straps from Olympia -- Artemis and violent initiation -- 6 THE AEGEAN MISTRESS OF ANIMALS AND THE GODDESS WITH THE UPRAISED ARMS -- Introduction -- The Minoan/Aegean goddess -- The goddess with upraised arms.;First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

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THE GODDESS AND THE WARRIOR The naked goddess and Mistress of Animals in early - photo 1
THE GODDESS AND THE WARRIOR
The naked goddess and Mistress of Animals in early Greek religion

Nann Marinatos

London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane - photo 2

London and New York

First published 2000
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

@ 2000 Nann Marinatos

The right of Nann Marinatos to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or repro duced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photo copying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marinatos, Nann.
The goddess and the warrior: the naked goddess and Mistress of Animals in early Greek religion/Nann Marinatos
176 pp 23.415.6 cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Goddesses, Greek. 2. Nudityreligious aspects. 3. Animals religious aspects. I. Title.
BL795.G63M37 2000 99 98140
292.2114dc21 CIP

ISBN Master e-book ISBN

ISBN (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-21829-2 (Print Edition)

FOR ANGELIKI LEBESSI

FIGURES
PREFACE

What prompted this study is the seeming paradox that female nudity in the Near East is not only an indication of fertility but also a sign of sexuality and danger. This conclusion was reached thanks to iconography which is the primary vehicle for interpreting religion in this book.

I gained a great deal of inspiration from Othmar Keels work which eloquently stresses the autonomy of images vis--vis the texts. He also organized an entire series, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, which deals with Near Eastern religion and images.

I am grateful to Walter Burkert for opening up paths of inquiry which led to the relationship between myth and ritual in the Near East. He has taken the trouble to read the manuscript and suggested various improvements. I must also thank Mario Torelli for inspiring articles and discussions in the summers of 1997 and 1998 on liminality and rites of passage.

Angeliki Lebessi has discussed several issues with me. I thank her for her support and for suggestions on the bibliography while the manuscript was being written.

I thank INSTAP warmly for a grant which helped me prepare the illustrations and Othmar Keel for the right to reproduce drawings of seals and other Near Eastern images from his series Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. The drawings were executed by V.Pliatsika, F.Evenson and O.Apergi. My gratitude also goes to Yiannis Papadakis at Herakleion Museum for taking photographs for the book, and Nelly Lazaridou and the German Archaeological Institute Athens (DAI) for the use of several photographs from their archives.

The errors remain mine.

Nann Marinatos

ABBREVIATIONS
1
THE NAKED GODDESS AND MISTRESS OF ANIMALS IN THE NEAR EAST AND GREECE
The naked goddess and the goddess who lifts her skirt

That the naked figures in Greece of the Orientalizing period are of Near Eastern derivation has been universally acknowledged. Our female figures are nude in this sense because their nudity is charged with sexuality.

Examining the narrative context of the nude figures on Near Eastern seals may be rewarding. On cylinders or their imprints, the naked females do not stand alone but are associated with other figures, animals and symbols. We thus get a visual context which is missing when we study solitary clay or bronze figurines of similar appearance.

We shall consider the females on cylinder seals whose main characteristic is nudity. Some of the naked figures are inactive, others draw their dress to the side in order to reveal their pubic triangle. They appear most frequently in Syrian glyptic, although there are examples also from the Babylonian, Capadocian and Anatolian regions. Despite these limitations, the examples which will be discussed fall into a pattern in which sexuality is coupled with power.

One frequent assumption must be challenged. If the naked figures are goddesses, they are for the most part not major figures of the pantheon, Ishtar or Anat. On seals we often meet with a minor naked goddess, whose name we do not even know, but who seems to be linked with sorcery and magic, and who has the role of an intermediary. She makes contact between the worshipper and his gods possible.

We shall start with an Old Babylonian seal dating to the second millennium BC ( One might argue that the warrior symbols symbolize the male god, the suckling goat the naked goddess. As we shall see further on, however, the goddess can also be associated with motifs of danger. Another point worth considering is that men, rather than women, are associated with the nude goddess.

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal Source Winter 1983 figure - photo 3

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal
Source: Winter (1983) figure 102

Another example, dating to the early second millennium BC ( Again the emphasis is on sexuality, rather than fertility.

On an Old Babylonian provincial cylinder of the same date as the previous example ( Sexual union between the god and naked goddess is implied on this seal also; there is no evidence of fertility.

On one more second millennium BC Babylonian cylinder ( However it should be stressed that her small4size reveals a low rank in the divine hierarchy.

Second millennium BC provincial Babylonian cylinder seal Source Winter 1983 - photo 4

Second millennium BC provincial Babylonian cylinder seal
Source: Winter (1983) figure 81

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal Source Winter 1983 figure - photo 5

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal

Source: Winter (1983) figure 85

On two more Old Syrian cylinders of the second millennium BC ( At any rate she is powerful, dominating and unambiguously associated with men.

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal Source Winter 1983 figure - photo 6

Second millennium BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal

Source: Winter (1983) figure 95

Second millennium BC Old Syrian cylinder seal Source Winter 1983 figure 130 - photo 7

Second millennium BC Old Syrian cylinder seal

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