Schaie - Developmental influences on adult intelligence: the Seattle longitudinal study

Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence

THE SEATTLE LONGITUDINAL STUDY

{ Second Edition }

K. Warner Schaie

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Schaie, K. Warner (Klaus Warner), 1928

Developmental influences on adult intelligence : the seattle longitudinal study / K. Warner Schaie. 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9780195386134

1. Cognition Age factors Longitudinal studies. 2. Adulthood Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies. 3. Aging Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies. I. Title.

BF724.55.C63S32 2012

153 dc23

2012011546

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper

Many colleagues, students, and support staff made extensive contributions to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data from the study. Much credit for the many aspects of the work that went well goes to these contributors; the responsibility for what went awry is, of course, mine. A very special acknowledgment, however, is due Sherry L. Willis, my wife and colleague, who has codirected the Seattle Longitudinal Study efforts since 1982 and without whose patient support and many helpful suggestions this volume would not exist. Recognition is also owed for the enthusiastic support provided by the staff and membership of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound throughout our long period of collaboration.

The following colleagues, students, and support staff (in alphabetical order) participated in one or more of the various data collections and analyses and/ or contributed to the resultant scholarly products: Christopher Adams, David Adams, Rosalie Ammerman, Elizabeth Aylward, Diane Backschies, Margret Baltes, Paul Baltes, Thomas Barrett, Ute Bayen, Timothy Benner, Gisela Bertulis, Julie Blaskevicz Boron, Joy Bodnar, Paul Borghesani, Hayden Bosworth, Barbara Buech, Michael Cady, Grace Caskie, Heather Chipuer, Soyeon Cho, Theresa Cooney, Jean Day, Cindy DeFrias, Robin Dunlap, Ranjana Dutta, Walter Eden, Charles Fick, Carrie Frech, Denis Gerstorf, Michael Gilewski, Judith Gonda, Kathy Gribbin, Ann Gruber-Baldini, Cheryl Guyer, Brian Hallett, Elaine Hardin, Gene Hardin, Sarah Haessler, Charlene Herold, Christopher Hertzog, Judy Higgins, Jenifer Hoffman, Christiane Hoppmann, Robert Intrieri, Gina Jay, Christine Johnson, Heather Johnson, John Just, Alfred Kaszniak, Iseli Krauss, Eric Labouvie, Tamara Lair, Karen Lala, Karen Laughlin, Thomas Lederman, Christine Lehl, Helen Leisowitz, Jackie Levine, Holly Mack, Tara Madhyastha, Heiner Maier, Scott Maitland, Hiroko Makiyama, Renee Marquardt, Dean Melang, Sherry Murr, Ann Nardi, John Nesselroade, Ha Nguyen, Shirley Paton Norleen, Ann OHanlon, Phyllis Olson, Holly Overman, Sara Paneck, Iris Parham, Julie Parmentier, Cherill Perera, Robert Peterson, Robert Plomin, Samuel Popkin, Alan Posthumer, Margaret Quayhagen, Nilan Ram, Andrew Revell, Anne Richards, Sarah Rosen, Amy Roth, Christine Roy, Lindsay Ryan, Pat Sand, Coloma Harrison Schaie, Carolyn Seszniak, John Schulenberg, Anna Shuey, Michael Singer, Brian Stiehler, Anita Stolov, Vicki Stone, Charles Strother, Alejandra Suarez, Linda Teri, Nicholas Turiano, Gisela Vief, Richard Vigesaa, Nathaniel Wagner, Faika Zanjani, and Elizabeth Zelinski.

The Seattle Longitudinal Study has previously been funded by grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD00367, 19631965; HD04476, 19701973) and by the National Institute on Aging (AG00480, 19731979; AG03544, 19821986; AG04770, 19841989, R037 AG08055, 19892004; AG027759, 20062008). Current support from the latter institute (R037 AG024102, 20052015) is funding the collection of biomarker and MRI data as well as continuing analyses of the cumulative longitudinal data.

K. Warner Schaie
Seattle, October 2012

Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence

The purpose of this volume is to provide an update of my monograph Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie, 2005a). That volume, in turn, was an update on an earlier monograph, Intellectual Development in Adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie, 1996b), which was written to present in one place the program of studies conducted by me, my associates, and my students that has come to be known as the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS).

The Seattle Longitudinal Study originally began as my doctoral dissertation at the University of Washington (Seattle, WA) in 1956. The 1996 monograph covered data and findings through the 1991 data collection and included materials that previously had been reported only at scientific meetings but were not available in archival form. The 2005 volume updated data and findings to include the 1998 longitudinal data collection as well as our efforts to take advantage of our long-term data by linking psychometric and neuropsychological assessments with the hope of contributing to the early assessment of risk for dementia in late life. It also revisited the impact of personality on cognition. In addition, we also provided correlation tables and information on obtaining Web access to selected data sets from our study that other scientists might wish to use for secondary analysis or as example data sets for exercises in methods classes. The present volume updates and integrates data collected through 2005 and expands work on biomarkers of cognitive aging, on relation between changes in cognition and brain structure, and on generational differences.

At an early stage of my career, I was confronted with addressing the discrepancies between cross-sectional and longitudinal findings in the study of adult intellectual development. I soon became convinced that this issue needed to be addressed by following over time a structured cross-sectional sample such as the one I had collected for my doctoral dissertation. As a consequence, I designed a follow-up study, put into the field in 1963, that provided some answers but also raised enough methodological and substantive questions to demand a continuing program of studies that is still in progress and has included eight major and several collateral data collections as well as three cognitive training studies.