Szonyi - A Companion to Chinese History

1. Chapter 11

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past. Defined by theme, period and/or region, each volume comprises between twentyfive and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY

A Companion to Roman Britain
Edited by Malcolm Todd

A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages
Edited by S. H. Rigby

A Companion to Tudor Britain
Edited by Robert Tittler and Norman Jones

A Companion to Stuart Britain
Edited by Barry Coward

A Companion to EighteenthCentury Britain
Edited by H. T. Dickinson

A Companion to NineteenthCentury Britain
Edited by Chris Williams

A Companion to Early TwentiethCentury Britain
Edited by Chris Wrigley

A Companion to Contemporary Britain
Edited by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500c.1100
Edited by Pauline Stafford

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY

A Companion to Europe 19001945
Edited by Gordon Martel

A Companion to EighteenthCentury Europe
Edited by Peter H. Wilson

A Companion to NineteenthCentury Europe
Edited by Stefan Berger

A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance
Edited by Guido Ruggiero

A Companion to the Reformation World
Edited by R. Pochia Hsia

A Companion to Europe Since 1945
Edited by Klaus Larres

A Companion to the Medieval World
Edited by Carol Lansing and Edward D. English

A Companion to the French Revolution
Edited by Peter McPhee

A Companion to Mediterranean History
Edited by Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORY

A Companion to Western Historical Thought
Edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza

A Companion to Gender History
Edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. WiesnerHanks

A Companion to the History of the Middle East
Edited by Youssef M. Choueiri

A Companion to Japanese History
Edited by William M. Tsutsui

A Companion to International History 19002001
Edited by Gordon Martel

A Companion to Latin American History
Edited by Thomas Holloway ]take back[

A Companion to Russian History
Edited by Abbott Gleason

A Companion to World War I
Edited by John Horne

A Companion to Mexican History and Culture
Edited by William H. Beezley

A Companion to World History
Edited by Douglas Northrop

A Companion to Global Environmental History
Edited by J. R. McNeill and Erin Stewart Mauldin

A Companion to World War II
Edited by Thomas W. Zeiler, with Daniel M. DuBois

A Companion to Chinese History
Edited by Michael Szonyi

Edited by

Michael Szonyi

This edition first published 2017
2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 021485020, USA
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wileyblackwell.

The right of Michael Szonyi to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Szonyi, Michael, editor of compilation.
Title: A companion to Chinese history / edited by Michael Szonyi.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016025375 (print) | LCCN 2016025451 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118624609 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118624548 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118624579 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: ChinaHistory. | ChinaHistoriography.
Classification: LCC DS735 .C575 2016 (print) | LCC DS735 (ebook) | DDC 951dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025375

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: China: Qingming Shang Tuor Along the River During the Qingming Festival (detail), Zhang Zeduan (10851145) original scroll painting dating from the Northern Song Dynasty (9601127) / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images

William P. Alford is the Henry L. Stimson Professor of Law, Vice Dean for the Graduate Program and International Legal Studies, and Director of the East Asian Legal Studies Program at Harvard Law School. He is the author of To Steal a Book Is an Elegant Offense: Intellectual Property Law in Chinese Civilization (1995), editor of Raising the Bar: The Emerging Legal Profession in East Asia