Table of Contents
Guide
Copyright 2006 by the CSL.
All rights reserved.
First Edition 2006 .
The Clay Sanskrit Library is co-published by
New York University Press
and the JJC Foundation.
Further information about this volume
and the rest of the Clay Sanskrit Library
is available on the following websites:
www.claysanskritlibrary.com
www.nyupress.org.
ISBN-: 978-0-8147-6723-8 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-: 0-8147-6723-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
Artwork by Robert Beer.
Typeset in Adobe Garamond at 10.25 : 12.3+pt.
XML-development by Stuart Brown.
Editorial input by Daniel Balogh, Tomoyuki Kono,
Eszter Somogyi & Peter Szanto.
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd,
Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper.
Bound by Hunter & Foulis, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mahabharata. Dronaparvan. English & Sanskrit.
Mahabharata. Book seven, Drona /
translated by Vaughan Pilikian. 1st ed.
p. cm. (The Clay Sanskrit library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Epic poetry.
In English and Sanskrit (romanized) on facing pages;
includes translation from Sanskrit.
ISBN- 13: 978-0-8147-6723-8 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN- 10: 0-8147-6723-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
I. Title. II. Title: Drona.
BL11 38.242. DE 2006
294.592304521 dc 22 2006022412
Contents
MAHABHARATA VII DRONA I
A sandhi grid is printed on the inside of the back cover
csl conventions
sanskrit alphabetical order
Vowels:
Gutturals:
Palatals:
Retroflex:
Dentals:
Labials:
Semivowels:
Spirants:
guide to sanskrit pronunciation
b u t
f a ther
s i t
f ee
p u t
b oo
vocalic r , American p ur dy or English p re tty
lengthened r
vocalic l , ab le
m a de, esp. in Welsh pronunciation
b i te
r o pe, esp. Welsh pronun- ciation; Italian s o lo
s ou nd
anusvara nasalizes the preceding vowel
visarga , a voiceless aspiration (resembling English h ), or like Scottish lo ch , or an aspiration with a faint echoing of the preceding ________
vowel so that taih is pronounced taih i
lu ck
blo ckh ead
g o
bi gh ead
a n ger
c h ill
mat chh ead
j og
aspirated j , he dgeh og
ca ny on
retroflex t , t ry (with the tip of tongue turned up to touch the hard palate)
same as the preceding but aspirated
retroflex d of tongue turned up to touch the hard palate)
same as the preceding but aspirated
retroflex n (with the tip
MAHABHARATA VII DRONA I
of tongue turned up to touch the hard palate)
French t out
ten t h ook
d inner
guil dh all
n ow
p ill
u p heaval
b efore
a bh orrent
m ind
y es
trilled, resembling the Italian pronunciation of r
l inger
w ord
s h ore
retroflex sh (with the tip of the tongue turned up to touch the hard palate)
hi ss
h ood
csl punctuation of english
The acute accent on Sanskrit words when they occur outside of the Sanskrit text itself, marks stress, e.g. Ramayana. It is not part of traditional Sanskrit orthography, transliteration or transcription, but we supply it here to guide readers in the pronunciation of these unfamiliar words. Since no Sanskrit word is accented on the last syllable it is not necessary to accent disyllables, e.g..
The second CSL innovation designed to assist the reader in the pronunciation of lengthy unfamiliar words is to insert an unobtrusive middle dot between semantic word breaks in compound names (provided the word break does not fall on a vowel resulting from the fusion of two vowels), e.g. Mahabharata, but Ramayana (not Ramaayana). Our dot echoes the punctuating middle dot () found in the oldest surviving forms of written Indic, the Ashokan inscriptions of the third century bce .
The deep layering of Sanskrit narrative has also dictated that we use quotation marks only to announce the beginning and end of every direct speech, and not at the beginning of every paragraph.
csl punctuation of sanskrit
The Sanskrit text is also punctuated, in accordance with the punctuation of the English translation. In mid-verse, the punctuation will _________
csl conventions
not alter the sandhi or the scansion. Proper names are capitalized. Most Sanskrit metres have four feet (pada): where possible we print the common sloka metre on two lines. In the Sanskrit text, we use French Guillemets (e.g. kva samcicirsuh? ) instead of English quotation marks (e.g. Where are you off to?) to avoid confusion with the apostrophes used for vowel elision in sandhi .
Sanskrit presents the learner with a challenge: sandhi (euphonic combination). Sandhi means that when two words are joined in connected speech or writing (which in Sanskrit reflects speech), the last letter (or even letters) of the first word often changes; compare the way we pronounce the in the beginning and the end.
In Sanskrit the first letter of the second word may also change; and if both the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second are vowels, they may fuse. This has a parallel in English: a nasal consonant is inserted between two vowels that would otherwise coalesce: a pear and an apple. Sanskrit vowel fusion may produce ambiguity. The chart at the back of each book gives the full sandhi system.
Fortunately it is not necessary to know these changes in order to start reading Sanskrit. For that, what is important is to know the form of the second word without sandhi (pre- sandhi ), so that it can be recognized or looked up in a dictionary. Therefore we are printing Sanskrit with a system of punctuation that will indicate, unambiguously, the original form of the second word, i.e., the form without sandhi . Such sandhi mostly concerns the fusion of two vowels.
In Sanskrit, vowels may be short or long and are written differently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no mark above it is short. Other books mark a long vowel either with a bar called a macron ( a ) or with a circumflex ( a ). Our system uses the macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex to indicate that originally the vowel was short, or the shorter of two possibilities ( e rather than ai , o rather than au ).
When we print initial a , before sandhi that vowel was a
mahabharata vii drona i
, before sandhi there was a vowel a
further help with vowel sandhi
When a final short vowel ( a , i or u ) has merged into a following vowel, we print at the end of the word, and when a final long vowel ( a , i or u ) has merged into a following vowel we print at the end of the word. The vast majority of these cases will concern a final a or a .
Examples:
What before sandhi was atra asti is represented as atr asti
Finally, three other points concerning the initial letter of the second word:
() A word that before sandhi begins with r (vowel), after sandhi begins with r followed by a consonant: yatha rtu represents pre- sandhi yatha rtu .
() When before sandhi the previous word ends in t and the following word begins with s , after sandhi the last letter of the previous word is c and the following word begins with ch : syac chastravit represents pre- sandhi syat sastravit .
