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Waliza Ansar - Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein

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Waliza Ansar Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein

Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein: summary, description and annotation

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This book explores the latest developments in the field the acute phase protein (APP), C-reactive protein or CRP in different diseases, highlighting the structural and functional aspects of CRP in disease biology.Divided into 5 sections, the book examines important topics such as the role of CRP in neurodegenerative, cardiac and parasitic diseases, as well as in cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, and the expression of CRP in pediatric respiratory diseases. In addition it discusses the clinical role of CRP in diagnostics and therapeutics, sepsis, ICU and ITU patients, and also as a primary marker for inflammation. Given its scope, this book will appeal to scholars in various fields of medicine and biology.

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Book cover of Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein Editors Waliza - photo 1
Book cover of Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein
Editors
Waliza Ansar and Shyamasree Ghosh
Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein
1st ed. 2020
Logo of the publisher Editors Waliza Ansar Department of Zoology Behala - photo 2
Logo of the publisher
Editors
Waliza Ansar
Department of Zoology, Behala College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Shyamasree Ghosh
School of Biological Sciences, NISER, India, Orissa, India
ISBN 978-981-15-6786-5 e-ISBN 978-981-15-6787-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6787-2
Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Contents
1
Waliza Ansar
2
Ins Lopes Cardoso and Fernanda Leal
3
Sayan Malakar
4
Mriganka Baruah
5
Jawaid Ahmed Khan
6
Rishav Dasgupta and Shyamasree Ghosh
7
Junaid Jibran Jawed
8
Chandra Shekhar Das
9
Sheikh Hasan Habib and Waliza Ansar
10
S. Yogeshpriya and P. Selvaraj
Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
W. Ansar, S. Ghosh (eds.) Clinical Significance of C-reactive Protein https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6787-2_1
1. Multiple Faces of C-Reactive Protein: StructureFunction Relationships
Waliza Ansar
(1)
Department of Zoology, Behala College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a fascinating acute phase protein which plays a range of functions in different physiological or pathophysiological states. Since its discovery, it has been regarded as a useful biomarker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation. The native CRP (nCRP) and the modified isoforms (mCRP) appeared in due course of different researches. The mCRP is formed when CRP is exposed to acidic pH and redox conditions (conditions mimicking inflammatory microenvironments). The nCRP is the native pentameric structure. CRP is functional in both native (nCRP) and its non-native pentameric (mCRP) structural conformations. The functional roles of native CRP are quite different from mCRP. The mCRP binds to PC and also to immobilized (in vitro) factor H, the complement inhibitor for beneficial complement-resistant activity. Thus, nCRP is protective only against early-stage infection, while mCRP is protective against both early- and late-stage infections. As nCRP exhibits PC-independent anti-pneumococcal activity, it is quite feasible that CRP functions as a general antibacterial molecule. They have different impacts in diverse pathophysiological states. CRP as a biomarker of inflammation, is a clinically significant predictor of potential episodes of cardiovascular disease, independent of other risk factors. Researchers suggested the structurefunction relationship between the mCRP isoforms and nCRP. Attempts had been made to recognize the possible significance between the diversity of structures and their opposing roles. This chapter discusses the biochemical facets of CRP biology, emphasizing on the supposed application between the structural biology of CRP isoforms, their physiological relevance, differentiation, and condition-based pathophysiological roles.

Keywords
C-reactive protein CRP isoforms Pentraxins Structural biology Acute phase response Bioinformatics Monomeric CRP Molecular modeling Inflammation FcR
Abbreviations
APP

Acute phase protein

APR

Acute phase response

CHD

Congenital heart defect

CHD

Congenital heart disease

CR1

Complement receptor 1

CR3

Complement receptor 3

CRP

C-reactive protein

EDTA

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ESR

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FcR

Fc-gamma receptors

fMLP

N-formyl- l -methionyl- l -leucyl-phenylalanine

Glu

Glutamate

HRT

Hormone replacement therapy

HSA

Human serum albumin

IgG

Immunoglobulin

IL-1

Interleukin-1

IL-10

Interleukin 10

IL-12

Interleukin 12

IL-1R

Interleukin-1 receptor

IL-6

Interleukin-6

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein

LPG

Lipophosphoglycan

Lys

Lysine

Mal

Malaria

MALDI-TOF

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

mCRP

Monomeric CRP

MMDB

Molecular Modeling Database

neo-CRP

neo-antigen CRP

oxLDL

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins

PAF

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

PAF

Platelet-activating factor

PBMC

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PC

Phosphocholine

PCT

Procalcitonin

PDB

Protein Data Bank

Phe

Phenylalanine

PL

Poly- l -lysine

PMA

Phorbol myristate acetate

RCSB

Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics

SAA

Serum amyloid A

SAP

Serum amyloid P component

TB

Tuberculosis

Thr

Threonine

VL

Visceral leishmaniasis

Highlight
  1. CRP is a member of the pentraxin superfamily, first discovered by Tillett and Francis in 1930. It is the first pattern recognition molecule discovered. The first characterization of this protein was based on its property to precipitate the C polysaccharide derived from the pneumococcus cell wall. Subsequently, it was described as an acute phase reactant as CRP levels were increased in patients with a range of inflammatory conditions. CRP is a cyclic protein comprised of five identical non-covalently attached subunits.

  2. Apart from other ligands of CRP, phosphocholine (PC) was shown to be the major ligand for CRP binding within the pneumococcal cell wall. PC is found on the cell surface of a number of pathogens.

  3. Today, CRP is widely used in the clinic as a marker of inflammation. From different prospective clinical trials, it is shown that CRP levels may serve as a predictor of cardiovascular events, independent of other risk factors.

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