Kulkarni Kunal - Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence

Absolute risk: The probability of an event in a population under study.

Confidence interval (CI): A measure of how precise the results are. A narrow confidence interval implies precision, a wide confidence interval, imprecision. A 95% CI is the range in which 95% of the true values lie.

Exposure: The factor suspected to alter disease risk.

Hazard ratio (HR): Probability of a hazard at time t in the treatment group vs time t in the control group. Sometimes referred to as the relative risk.

Likelihood ratio (LR): Estimate of how much a test result will change the odds of having a disease. For a positive result (LR+), it is how much the odds of the disease increase when a test is positive. For a negative result (LR), it is how much the odds of the disease decrease when a test is negative.

Negative predictive value (NPV): Proportion of people with a negative test who do not have the disorder.

Number needed to treat (NNT): Number of patients who need to be treated with the intervention in order to prevent one additional adverse outcome.

Odds ratio (OR): Ratio between the odds of disease in one group compared with another. Odds are used to approximate risk.

p value (p): Probability that observed difference is due to chance. Usually, p<0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Positive predictive value (PPV): Proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the disorder.

Relative risk (RR): Risk of an event in one group divided by the risk of the event in another (usually control) group.

Sensitivity: Proportion of people with a disorder that are correctly diagnosed as positive by the test.

Specificity: Proportion of people without the disorder that are correctly excluded as negative by the test.

(For a detailed examination of these terms see pp..)

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