Acknowledgments
Ideas for this edited volume stretch back to at least 2012, when a group of us came together at the University of Missouri-St. Louis for a symposium on Pop Heroines and Female Icons of Japan. The gathering was hosted with support from the Eiichi Shibusawa-Seigo Arai Endowed Professorship in Japanese Studies, International Studies Programs, and a grant from the Northeast Asia Council, Association for Asian Studies. Fellow symposium participants who did not ultimately contribute chapters but were still inspirational for the project include Hideko Abe, Hiromi Tsuchiya Dollase, Masayo Kaneko, and Karen Nakamura. The chapters in this volume by Bardsley, Copeland, Yano, and Miller were also presented as papers on the 2013 panel Diva Nation: Female Icons from Japanese Cultural History at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting in San Diego. We owe gratitude to discussant Karen Nakamura for her insightful comments and to William Tsutsui for being a gracious chair.
Our editor at the University of California Press was the incomparable Reed Malcolm, who is always willing to help out the bad girls. We thank him for the encouragement and interest in our concept. We also thank our editorial assistant Zuha Khan for her patience and hard work. The art department staff at the press are amazing. We would like to thank the two anonymous readers of the manuscript for their insightful comments.
We were fortunate to receive permission for many fine images of divas. We thank the following people and publishers: Yamamuro Keishiro and Otsuka Kazuhiko of the Visionary Company Ltd., as well as the artist no Yuriko; the Takumi Promotion Company, Hiromatsu Kozue, and the Kojiki Yaoyorozu Kami Ukiyoe Museum in Hita City and So-hyun Chun; the Rev. Lawrence Koichi Barrish and the Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America; Okubo Masami and Kirino Natsuo; Corinna Barsan and Grove Atlantic; Shimoda-san and Heibonsha; Ando Chieko and Shinoda Seiji of the Permission and Publication Department, and the Idemitsu Bijutsukan; Koizumi Takayoshi and Gakken Kyiku Shuppan; Yamauchi Hideyuki and the Yamatokriyama City Tourist Association; the artist Debuchi Ryoichiro; Stephen Herrin and Monash University Library; Baldwin Saho and Hanagiri Madoka of Bungeishunju Ltd. (Bungei Shunj); and Endo Tetsuya and Kobayashi Jun of the Literature and Non-Fiction Department, Kadokawa Corporation. Mahalo to Dania and Mayumi Oda, and many thanks to Rebecca Jennison for helping us find the perfect cover image.
Many thanks to the sculptor and manga artist Rokudenashiko (Igarashi Megumi). We are thrilled that a reigning diva of the art world added allure to our volume with an adorable Manko-chan manga. We are grateful to Anne Ishii for facilitating her contribution.
We owe gratitude to our respective universities, the University of Missouri-St. Louis and Washington University in St. Louis, for technical and financial support. We are grateful for the brilliance and collegiality of all the contributors to this project. Finally, we received input and comments from friends in various settings, but special mention goes to the Chesterfield Writers Camp, which was extraordinarily memorable and productive.
Laura Miller and Rebecca Copeland
August 2017
Preface
Transnational and Time-Travelling Divas
LAURA HEIN
According to my dictionaries, the diva is defined blandly as a famous female singer, judgmentally as a self-important person, typically a woman, who is temperamental and difficult to please, and, fundamentally as a goddess (Stevenson and Lindberg 20052011, Cosgrove 1997). Moreover, as this book demonstrates, divas systematically draw our attention to the performative nature of identity, to gender, and to battles over control of female bodies and female sexuality. A diva is invariably a strong personality who uses her body to speak when language fails, as Laura Miller and Rebecca Copeland stress in the introduction to this volume. At the same time, the diva represents dislocation, something that presupposes a stable historical or geographic past and so is an excellent entry point into understanding social and political tensions in a specific time and place. Divas identify dissonance in a generalizable way but they always do so by capturing unexpressed aspects of specific experiences. Moreover, by showing their perspective to rapt audiences, they wittily and theatrically make themselves impossible to ignore. Divas convey the point that their pain was unfairly inflicted; without social injustice, there could be no divas. As Miller and Copeland put it, divas are not born, but rather, they are generated from the friction produced when female genius meets social stricture.
Every diva has her own story to tell and a single individual can figure in a variety of narratives. Josephine Baker (19061975), the African American performer who became globally famous after moving to Paris provides a glamorous example. Not only was she a magnetic and extremely sexy stage performer, she ran her life by her own rules and also used her prestige to desegregate American concert halls and to assist the French Resistance. Like the other divas in this book, she has never really died, most recently reappearing on her 111th birthday as a Google Doodle (Moyer 2017). Baker embodied an irrepressible creativity and self-expression despite enormous obstaclesthe heart and soul of the divas social power. Since gender is baked into the definition of the diva, of course that creativity was inseparable from Bakers female identity and especially her sexuality, offstage as much as when she was center stage. Baker exemplified the 1920s global phenomenon of the New Woman, who delayed marriage and childbearing, worked for pay, and lived away from her family. She also was an international poster girl for the racier version of the New Woman, the short-skirted, short-haired, sexually active flapper, moga, and la garonne, to give only the derisive American, Japanese, and French terms.