Gary M. Rand - Fundamentals Of Aquatic Toxicology

FUNDAMENTALS OF
Aquatic
Toxicology

Second Edition

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment / edited by Gary M. Rand.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56032-091-5 PB ISBN 1-56032-090-7 HB

1. Water quality bioassay. 2. Toxicity testing. 3. Waterl

pollutionToxicity. 4. Aquatic organismsEffect of water pollution on. I. Rand, Gary M., date.

QH90.95.B5F86 1995

574.5263dc20

95-6381

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

1995 by Taylor & Francis, Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 156032-091-5

Library of Congress Card Number 95-6381

Printed in the United States of America 234567890

Printed on acid-free paper

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology
G. M. Rand, P. G. Wells, and L. S. McCarty

Part I
EFFECTSTOXICITY TESTING

CHAPTER 2
Freshwater Tests
J. D. Cooney

CHAPTER 3
Saltwater Tests
G. S. Ward

CHAPTER 4
Algae and Vascular Plant Tests
M. A Lewis

CHAPTER 5
Sexual Reproduction Tests with Marine Seaweeds (Macroalgae)
G. B. Thursby and R. L. Steele

CHAPTER 6
Sea Urchin Sperm Cell Test
G. A. Chapman

CHAPTER 7
FETAXA Developmental Toxicity Assay Using Frog Embryos
J. A. Bantle

CHAPTER 8
Sediment Tests
C. G. Ingersoll

CHAPTER 9
Field Studies
R. L. Graney, J. P. Giesy, and J. R. Clark

CHAPTER 10
Statistical Analysis
M. R. Ellersieck and T. W. La Point

CHAPTER 11
Good Laboratory Practices
N. DiGiulio and A, V. Malloy

CHAPTER 12
Immunotoxicology in Fish
D. P. Anderson and M. G. Zeeman

CHAPTER 13
Environmental Genotoxicology
L. R. Shugart

CHAPTER 14
Carcinogenicity Tests Using Aquarium Fish
W. E. Hawkins, W. W. Walker, and R. M. Overstreet

Part II
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

CHAPTER 15
Transport and Transformation Processes
W. J. Lyman

CHAPTER 16
Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability in Multiphase Systems
A. Spacie, L. S. McCarty, and G. M. Rand

CHAPTER 17
Biochemical Mechanisms: Metabolism, Adaptation, and Toxicity
R. T. Di Giulio, W. H. Benson, B. M. Sanders, and P. A. Van Veld

CHAPTER 18
Fate Modeling
D. Mackay, L. A. Burns, and G. M. Rand

Part III
ASSESSMENT
Exposure/Effects, Environmental Legislation, and Hazard/Risk

Exposure/Effects

CHAPTER 19
Ecosystem Effects: Functional End Points
J. Cairns, Jr., B. R. Niederlehner, and E. P. Smith

CHAPTER 20
Structure-Activity Relationships
R. L. Lipnick

Environmental Legislation

CHAPTER 21
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
L. W. Touart

CHAPTER 22
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Interagency Testing Committee:
Data Developed under Section 4 of TSCA
J. D. Walker

CHAPTER 23
Ecotoxicity Testing and Estimation Methods Developed under Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
M. G. Zeeman

CHAPTER 24
The Clean Water Act
G. W. Hudiburgh, Jr.

CHAPTER 25
FDAs Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act
P. G. Vincent

CHAPTER 26
Role of the OECD in Chemicals Control and International Harmonization of Testing Methods
N. J. Grandy

CHAPTER 27
Environmental Regulation in the European Community
J. Blok and F. Balk

Hazard/Risk
Introduction

CHAPTER 28
Introduction to Ecological Risk Assessment for Aquatic Toxic Effects
G. W. Suter II

CHAPTER 29
General Types of Aquatic Assessments
R. K. Markarian

Hazard Risk
Case Studies

CHAPTER 30
Predicting the Effects of Insecticides on Aquatic Systems and the Waterfowl that Use Them
P. J. Sheehan, A. Baril, P. Mineau, and D. J. Paustenbach

CHAPTER 31
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS)
R. J. Larson and D. M. Woltering

CHAPTER 32
A Hazardous Waste Site at the Naval Weapons Station, Concord, Ca.
K. D. Jenkins, C. R. Lee, and J. F. Hobson

CHAPTER 33
Effluents
P. B. Dorn and R. van Compernolle

D. P. Anderson, Ph.D.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
National Fish Health Research Laboratory
Box 700
Kearneysville, WV 25430

F. Balk
BKH Consulting Engineers
P.O. Box 5094
2600 GB, Delft,
The Netherlands

J. A. Bantle, Ph.D.
Department of Zoology
Oklahoma State University
201 Life Sciences East
Stillwater, OK 74078

A. Baril
Environment Canada
Wildlife Toxicology Division
National Wildlife Research Center
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3
Canada

W. H. Benson, Ph.D.
University of Mississippi
Environmental Toxicology Research Program
School of Pharmacy
University, MS 38677

J. Blok, Ph.D.
BKH Consulting Engineers
P.O. Box 5094
2600 GB, Delft,
The Netherlands

L. A. Burns, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
Environmental Research Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, GA 30613

J. Cairns, Jr., Ph.D.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
University Center for Environmental and Hazardous
Materials Studies
Derring Hall, Room 1020
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0415

G. A. Chapman, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
2111 S.E. Marine Science Drive
Newport, OR 97365-5260

J. R. Clark, Ph.D.
Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc.
Research & Environmental Health Division
Mettlers Road CN 2350
East Millstone, NJ 08875-2350

J. D. Cooney, Ph.D.
New England Bioassay
77 Batson Road
Manchester, CT 06040

N. DiGiulio
Toxikon Corporation
225 Wildwood Avenue
Woburn, MA 01801