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Liqiang Wang - Development and Application of Biomedical Titanium Alloys

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Liqiang Wang Development and Application of Biomedical Titanium Alloys
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Titanium and its alloys have been widely used as biomedical implant materials due to their low density, good mechanical properties, superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility when compared with other metallic biomaterials such as CoCr alloys and stainless steels. Recently, -type titanium alloys have been increasingly considered as excellent implant materials because of the remarkable combination of high strength-to-weight ratio, good fatigue resistance, relatively low Youngs modulus, good biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance relative to conventional titanium biomaterials. This book covers recent information about biomedical titanium alloy development and 3D printing. Chapters describe the processing, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties in detail. Information about the surface modification of titanium alloys for biomedical applications, and manufacturing of titanium alloys by new technologies (such as selective laser melting and electron beam melting), is also presented. Readers will learn about the various types of biomedical titanium alloys, their advantages and disadvantages, their fabrication methods and medical applications. This book is a useful handbook for biomedical engineers, metallurgists and biotechnicians seeking information about titanium-based alloys for biomaterials research and development.

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Application of Biomedical Titanium Alloys

Liqiang Wang
1 State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
2 School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia

Abstract

Titanium alloys have been widely used in medical or dental applications due to their superior biocompatibility, high strength and corrosion-resistant as well as low modulus relative to other implantable metals. In order to meet the stringent medical regulations and the advancement of bioengineering, material scientists have therefore designed a series of advanced titanium alloys. This chapter aims at reviewing the development process of new medical grade titanium alloys in terms of composition design, biocompatibility and shape memory effect etc.

Keywords: Biocompatibility, Shape memory effect, Titanium alloys.



INTRODUCTION

With the high demand of healthcare services in general population, the cost in healthcare expenses continuously increased globally [].

Titanium alloys serving as implantable materials have been applied in medical and dental applications for over 70 years. Currently, the most commonly used titanium alloys are pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V as well as Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. In spite of the poor corrosion resistance of pure titanium in physiological environment, it is also mechanically weaker and easily wear-out. Consequently, the use of pure titanium is limited in load bearing implants except in dental cosmetology [].

Not only does the Ti-6Al-4V alloy contain toxic elements of Al and V, but also the Youngs modulus of this alloy is much higher than that of human bones. These undesired properties might complicate the clinical outcomes due to stress shielding effect, bone resorption, and even implant loosening [].

+ TITANIUM ALLOYS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Few metals with excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance have been widely used in hard tissue replacement such as total hip and total knee arthroplasties, artificial intervertebral disc, Pedicle screw and other instrumented spinal arthrodesis in spinal surgeries as well as dental implants. Other popular applications include intravascular stents, catheters, orthodontics arch wires and cochlear implants etc. The details are summarized in Table .

Table 1 Traditional metallic materials for biomedical application.
AlloysPhaseCountriesIntegrated PropertiesApplications/
Standards
Pure Titanium
TA1ELI, TA1,
TA2, TA3,
TA4
VariousRm 200 ~ 580MPa,
As 15 ~ 30%,
Z 25 ~ 30%,
E = 100GPa
Orthopedics, dentistry/ International standard, Chinese national standard
(Widely used)
Ti-6Al-4V+VariousRm 825 ~ 930MPa,
As 15 ~ 25%,
Z 25%,
E = 120GPa
Orthopedics, dentistry/ International standard, Chinese national standard
(Widely used)
Ti-6Al-7Nb+Swiss-invented
Various
Rm 750MPa,
As 12%,
E = 106GPa
Orthopedics, dentistry/ International standard, Chinese national standard
(Widely used)
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe+German-invented
Various
Rm 1020MPa,
As 10%,
E = 112GPa
Orthopedics/ International standard, Chinese national standard
(Discarded)
Ti-2Al-2Mo-2ZrnearChina inventedRm 750MPa,
As 25%,
E = 105GPa
Orthopedics, dentistry, limited use in ocean engineering
TiNiMartensiteVariousRm 1200MPa,
As 25%,
E 40GPa
Orthopedics, dentistry, vascular interventions/ International standard, Chinese national standard
(Widely used)

Most of the elements e.g. Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo, W in the current implantable metals served as trace elements in human body. Indeed, small amount of these trace elements are crucial to human metabolism. For example, Fe element can keep the normal function of red blood cells, and Co element can maintain vitamin B12 synthesis []. In the literatures, tiny amount of V in bone, liver, kidney and spleen would significantly interfere the phosphates metabolism of cells, thereby directly affecting the Na+, K+, Ca+, and H+ and reaction with ATP enzyme. Without considering the toxicity of V element, the literatures reported that another element of Al in these alloys not only damaged the organs, but might also potentially result to osteomalacia, anemia, and neurological disorders due to the accumulation of aluminum salts in vivo.

In the middle 1980s, Switzerland and Germany had jointly developed the second generation of V-free + titanium alloys i.e. Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloys []. To overcome these complications, materials scientists have endeavored to develop highly biocompatible, lower modulus and mechanically match titanium materials.

TiNi alloys have a special mechanical property named shape memory effect (SME) that enables the recovery from deformation after being heated. The shape memory effect was firstly discovered by Buehler and Wiley from the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory in 1963 [), when strain increases beyond to the initial elastic zone, the stress will be maintained at the same level despite of the strain increased. While unloading the NiTi material, the stress will be then maintained at lower level of stress as the strain reduced. With further reduction of strain, the NiTi wire recovers to initial length without any permanent deformation. Indeed, the super-elastic property of NiTi has been widely applied in dental arch wire. The studies demonstrated that the clinical outcome was much better than the correction with the use of traditional stainless steel arch wire.

TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Current Development of Titanium Alloys

Recently, the invention of new titanium alloys with low modulus has attracted a lot of attentions in particular to the countries such as USA, Japan, South Korea and China. The most popular titanium alloys include Ti-Mo, Ti-Nb, Ti-Ta or Ti-Zr that have been widely applied in biomedical fields []. Among the other commonly used titanium alloys, these newly fabricated titanium alloys have lower modulus and higher strength due to the contribution of the aforementioned

Fig 1 Schematic illustration of the stainless steel wire and TiNi SMA wire - photo 1
Fig. (1))
Schematic illustration of the stainless steel wire and TiNi SMA wire springs for orthodontic archwire behavior.

elements. Particularly, the Ti-Nb matrix alloy with the combination of nontoxic elements including Nb, Ta and Zr enables not only the lowest modulus among the others, but also excellent shape memory effect. Therefore, this new alloy has great potential in clinical applications and is a highlighted biomedical metal in the field today. Some of the Ti-Nb matrix metastable alloys have already been used practically for example Ti-13Nb-13Zr [].

Design of Titanium Alloys

To develop high performance biomedical titanium alloys, pre-designing and relative mechanical properties calculation are of the most important points to consider. First of all, researchers may count on d-electron alloy design method to design their desired materials by calculating the orbital parameters

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