Rom Harré - Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments That Changed Our View of the World

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DOVER BOOKS ON SCIENCE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICS, E. T. Bell. (0-486-27239-7)

507 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS: MECHANISMS AND DEVICES, Henry T. Brown. (0-486-44360-4)

A REFRESHER COURSE IN MATHEMATICS, F. J. Camm. (0-486-43225-4)

FLAWS AND FALLACIES IN STATISTICAL THINKING, Stephen K. Campbell. (0-486-43598-9)

HARMONIC PROPORTION AND FORM IN NATURE, ART AND ARCHITECTURE, Samuel Colman. (0-486-42873-7)

THE CURVES OF LIFE, Theodore A. Cook. (0-486-23701-X)

A SHORT HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY: FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO A.D. 1900, T. K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. (0-486-27472-1)

MATHOGRAPHICS, Robert Dixon. (0-486-26639-7)

EINSTEINS ESSAYS IN SCIENCE, Albert Einstein. (0-486-47011-3)

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES IN ELECTRICITY, Michael Faraday. (0-486-43505-9)

THE GREAT PHYSICISTS FROM GALILEO TO EINSTEIN, George Gamow. (0-486-25767-3)

THIRTY YEARS THAT SHOOK PHYSICS: THE STORY OF QUANTUM THEORY, George Gamow. (0-486-24895-X)

ONE TWO THREE... INFINITY: FACTS AND SPECULATIONS OF SCIENCE, George Gamow. (0-486-25664-2)

GRAVITY, George Gamow. (0-486-42563-0)

FADS AND FALLACIES IN THE NAME OF SCIENCE, Martin Gardner. (0-486-20394-8)

RELATIVITY SIMPLY EXPLAINED, Martin Gardner. (0-486-29315-7)

THE GEOMETRY OF ART AND LIFE, Matila Ghyka. (0-486-23542-4)

UNDERSTANDING EINSTEINS THEORIES OF RELATIVITY: MANS NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE COSMOS, Stan Gibilisco. (0-486-26659-1)

FROM GALILEO TO NEWTON, A. Rupert Hall. (0-486-24227-7)

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION, Gardner D. Hiscox. (0-486-46886-0)

1800 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, Gardner D. Hiscox. (0-486-45743-5)

MAKERS OF MATHEMATICS, Stuart Hollingdale. (0-486-45007-4)

THE DIVINE PROPORTION, H. E. Huntley. (0-486-22254-3)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, 1650-1750: ILLUSTRATIONS AND TEXTS FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES, Martin Jensen. (0-486-42232-1)

SHORT-CUT MATH, Gerard W. Kelly. (0-486-24611-6)

MATHEMATICS FOR THE NONMATHEMATICIAN, Morris Kline. (0-486-24823-2)

THE FOURTH DIMENSION SIMPLY EXPLAINED, Henry P. Manning. (0-486-43889-9)

VIOLENT PHENOMENA IN THE UNIVERSE, Jayant V. Narlikar. (0-486-45797-4)

BASIC MACHINES AND HOW THEY WORK, Naval Education. (0-486-21709-4)

EXCURSIONS IN GEOMETRY, C. Stanley Ogilvy. (0-486-26530-7)

MUSIC, PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING, Harry F. Olson. (0-486-21769-8)

COMPUTERS, PATTERN, CHAOS AND BEAUTY, Clifford A. Pickover. (0-486-41709-3)

AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY, John R. Pierce. (0-486-24061-4)

INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY, Bertrand Russell. (0-486-27724-0)

HELLENISTIC SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN THE LAST THREE CENTURIES B.C., George Sarton. (0-486-27740-2)

MATHEMATICIANS DELIGHT, W. W. Sawyer. (0-486-46240-4)

EINSTEINS LEGACY: THE UNITY OF SPACE AND TIME, Julian Schwinger. (0-486-41974-6)

THE UNITY OF THE UNIVERSE, D. W. Sciama. (0-486-47205-1)

FROM FALLING BODIES TO RADIO WAVES: CLASSICAL PHYSICISTS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES,

Emilio Segr. (0-486-45808-3)

FROM X-RAYS TO QUARKS: MODERN PHYSICISTS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES, Emilio Segr. (0-486-45783-4)

GREAT EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS: FIRSTHAND ACCOUNTS FROM GALILEO TO EINSTEIN, Morris H. Shamos. (0-486-25346-5)

SATAN, CANTOR AND INFINITY: MIND-BOGGLING PUZZLES, Raymond M. Smullyan. (0-486-47036-9)

THE LADY OR THE TIGER?: AND OTHER LOGIC PUZZLES, Raymond M. Smullyan. (0-486-47027-X)

HOW TO CALCULATE QUICKLY: FULL COURSE IN SPEED ARITHMETIC, Henry Sticker. (0-486-20295-X)

SPEED MATHEMATICS SIMPLIFIED, Edward Stoddard. (0-486-27887-5)

A SCIENTIST AT THE SEASHORE, James S. Trefil. (0-486-44564-X)

INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL THINKING: THE FORMATION OF CONCEPTS IN MODERN MATHEMATICS, Friedrich Waismann. (0-486-42804-4)

SUNDIALS: THEIR THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION, Albert E. Waugh. (0-486-22947-5)

HOW TO SOLVE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, Wayne A. Wickelgren. (0-486-28433-6)

THE TRIUMPH OF THE EMBRYO, Lewis Wolpert. (0-486-46929-8)

SEE EVERY DOVER BOOK IN PRINT AT
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Frontispiece: LAcadmie des Sciences et des Beaux Arts, engraving by C. N. Cochin (after Le Clerc), 1698.

Copyright

Copyright 1981 by Phaidon Press Limited

All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions.

Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 895 Don Mills Road, 400-2 Park Centre, Toronto, Ontario M3C 1W3.

Published in the United Kingdom by David & Charles, Brunel House, Forde Close, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 4PU.

Bibliographical Note

This Dover edition, first published in 2002, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by Phaidon Press Limited, Oxford, England, in 1981.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Harr, Rom.

Great scientific experiments : twenty experiments that changed our view of the world / Rom Harr.

p. cm.

This Dover edition... is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by Phaidon Press Limited, Oxford, England, in 1981T.p. verso.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

9780486143606

1. ScienceMethodologyCase studies. 2. ScienceExperimentsPhilosophy. 3. ScienceHistorySources. 4. ScientistsBiography. I. Title.

Q182.3 .H37 2002

507.2de21

2001055288

Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501
42263102

Acknowledgements

Frontispiece: Trustees of the British Museum. : Professor Dr Walther Gerlach.

were drawn for this book by Illustration Services. Oxford.

Table of Contents

Preface

The idea for a collection of brief studies of great experiments came from the editorial staff of the publisher of this volume. To realize such a project in a manageable form some compromises and adaptations had to be made. In its final shape I have planned this book not only to tell twenty stories but also to show the diverse roles that experiments play in science.

It is not possible to explain the significance of experiments drawn from many fields and many historical periods without making some assumptions about the scientific background of ones potential readers. While I have tried to make everything as clear as possible I have thought of myself as writing for someone who has had some acquaintance with the natural sciences. I have kept in mind a reader who has at some time done a General Science course at school. Historical and philosophical studies of science should not only relate experiments to theories, but also to the social and cultural background within which they were conceived. Social influences, such as the economic demands of an epoch, not only direct the interest of the scientific community to one class of problems rather than another, but they have some influence too on the images of the world that lie at the foundations of theories. Some social historians of science have argued that such external factors may even influence the very criteria by which experiments are judged successful and unsuccessful and theories true or false.

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