Gregory Knapp - Andean Ecology: Adaptive Dynamics in Ecuador

ANDEAN ECOLOGY

Editor
David J. Robinson

Editorial Advisory Committee

John K. Chance
Arizona State University

William M. Denevan
University of Wisconsin

John E. Kicza
Washington State University

Asuncin Lavrin
Howard University

W. George Lovell
Queen's University

Publication Design and Cartography
Marcia J. Harrington
Syracuse University

ADAPTIVE DYNAMICS IN ECUADOR

Gregory Knapp

Dellplain Latin American Studies, No. 27

First published 1991 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1991 by the Department of Geography, Syracuse University

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

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A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01632-6 (hbk)

This book reflects a decade of research and travel in the equatorial Andes. I spent over 28 months in Ecuador from 1979 to 1987, travelling on foot, by jeep, on horseback, and by truck and bus in an effort to familiarize myself with the Ecuadorian highlands as a whole as well as with the various study sites. During this period, my initial ideas, prejudices, and enthusiasms have sometimes given way to different ideas and interpretations. In summarizing my research on traditional and prehistoric adaptive strategies, I have taken the opportunity not only to present new results but to reinterpret and update relevant earlier research.

The research on which this book is based was made possible by an Organization of American States grant for study in Ecuador (1979), a Fulbright Grant for Dissertation Research (1980-1981), a National Science Foundation Grant (144R345) in 1981, a Tinker Grant (1984), a Summer Research Award and Research Grant from the University Research Institute of the University of Texas (1985), and a Fulbright-Hays Faculty Research Abroad Grant (1986-1987).

In Ecuador, my work was facilitated by the Comisin Fulbright (Marcelo Erazo and Gonzalo Cartagenova, directors, with much help from Maria Mogolin and Jenny Castillo). The Institute) Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural (and especially Maria del Carmen Molestina, Ana V. de Jaramillo, Rodrigo Erazo, and Juan Carrera Colin) provided me with permits, advice, and field assistance in archaeology. The Museo del Banco Central also helped me with its facilities, and I particularly wish to thank its directors, Hernn Crespo Toral and Mara del Carmen Molestina, as well as the affiliated archaeologists, Ron Lippi and Antonio Fresco, who proved invaluable field companions. The Institute) Otavaleno de Antropologia provided important facilities in the northern highlands; I especially thank Jos Echeverra for his invaluable assistance, field companionship, and hospitality. Ronaldo Mosquera A., head of the Ibarra branch of the Banco Central del Ecuador, provided help in gaining access to the archive there, and Mercedes Moreno Almeida generously gave of her time and knowledge while using that archive.

The Centro Panamericano de Estudios e Investigaciones Geogrficas provided my initial training in Ecuadorian natural resources in 1979, and I enjoyed the advice and help of Roy Ryder, its academic director for many years. At the Pontfica Universidad Cat1ica del Ecuador in Quito, I benefitted from the help of geographer Jaime Miranda and anthropologists Segundo Moreno Ynez and Jos Pereira. Carlos Cazco of the Programa Investigacin en Produccin helped me obtain and interpret their valuable research results on small farm production. I also benefitted from the generosity of the members of the Asociacion Indgena Evanglica de Chimborazo, who helped make my work in western Chimborazo possible.

Many individuals in the Programa de Regionalizacin Agraria facilitated my search for agricultural information and helped in the interpretation of that information; I am especially indebted to Luis Caadas, but also wish to thank Oscar Rovere, Luis Meja, Washington Estrada, Trajano Yugcha, Tarquino Salcedo, Raul Bravo, and Freddy Lpez. Pierre Gondard, Pierre Pourrut, and the other members of the ORSTOM technical assistance team were also extraordinarily helpful, especially so in their critiques of my ideas. Lenny Field, Manuel Chiriboga, Jos Snchez Parga, and Galo Ramn of the Ceritro Andino de Accin Popular were very helpful, in discussing and helping in the publication of my research. In this regard I also owe a debt of thanks to Jos Echeverra of Sarance, Irving Zapoter and Ramiro Salvador of the Centro de Investigacin y Cultura of the Central Bank of Ecuador, and Mara del Carmen Molestina, all of whom spent so much time in helping me clarify my ideas and getting them published in Spanish. Thanks to their help, many of the results published in English in this book have been made available to Ecuadorians in easily accessible publications.