Judith Alfrey - The Landscape of Industry: Patterns of Change in the Ironbridge Gorge

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THE LANDSCAPE OF INDUSTRY

The Landscape of Industry is a comprehensive study of one of the most significant sites in the development of early industrial culture. The Ironbridge Gorge, still marked by the Iron Bridge, is now recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Judith Alfrey and Catherine Clark bring buildings and landscapes together in an integrated survey which sets the extraordinary events at Ironbridge in their chronological and spatial context. In short, they explore the process of industrialisation to show how it may be read in the environment. The book considers a range of material evidence, combining archaeological appraisal of the industrial landscape with analysis of its settlement patterns and buildings. Its inter-disciplinary approach establishes a method for the study and analysis of complex industrial landscapes which may be applied to many other areas.

This book will be essential reading for all who are concerned with the investigation and preservation of industrial sites throughout the world.

Judith Alfrey is a building historian who now works as a historic buildings consultant. She is co-author (with Tim Putnam) of The Industrial Heritage (Routledge 1992).

Catherine Clark is Inspector of Ancient Monuments with English Heritage and formerly Conservation Officer with the Council for British Archaeology.

THE LANDSCAPE OF INDUSTRY

Patterns of change in the Ironbridge Gorge

Judith Alfrey and Catherine Clark

London and New York

First published 1993
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Judith Alfrey and Catherine Clark 1993

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Alfrey, Judith
The landscape of industry: patterns of change in the Ironbridge
Gorge/Judith Alfrey & Catherine Clark.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Industrial archaeologyEnglandIronbridge (Shropshire)
2. Mines and mineral resourcesEnglandIronbridge (Shropshire)
History. I.Clark, Catherine (Kate) II. Title.
T26.G7176 1993
609.42456dc20 9320280

ISBN 0-203-97323-2 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-415-03319-5 (Print Edition)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

0.1 The Ironbridge Gorge: eighteenth-century sites

0.2 The Ironbridge Gorge: nineteenth-century sites

View of the Cast Iron Bridge, E.Edgecomb 1786

Aerial view of the Ironbridge Gorge

Medieval sites mentioned in the text

Post-dissolution sites mentioned in the text

The Benthall lead smelter, 1788

Cast-iron pots advertised in the Coalbrookdale Company catalogue of 1875

Forging iron in a small hand-operated forge

An elaborate cast-iron fountain from the Coalbrookdale Company catalogue of 1875

Mineral resources in the Ironbridge Gorge

View of the Gorge from Pattens Rock Quarry, 1856

The archaeology of the Benthall Edge limestone industry: (a) plan of quarries and (b) stratigraphic matrix

Extract from Samuel Parsons Map c.1621 showing insetts or mines on the riverbank

Lateral mineshafts beside the Severn, Dibden 1801

The Broseley Hall Estate Map showing early evidence for railway, pits and also limits of underground working

Adams Engine and Ironstone Pit, Madeley Wood 1847

Bell pits cut by eighteenth-century clay working at the Saggar Works, Caughley

The after-effects of the Jackfield slip

The topography of the Ironbridge Gorge: streams, relief and main waterpower sites

The 1902 Ordnance Survey Map for Coalbrookdale

A schematic section through the Coalbrookdale Valley showing waterpower installations, c.1801

Pools in Coalbrookdale

The Benthall Valley showing a series of pools and industrial sites

The Bedlam wooden tramway

A team of horses brake a loaded coal wagon as it descends Jiggers Bank, Coalbrookdale

The Hay Inclined Plane while still in operation in the 1890s

Ironbridge: a heavily laden cart hauls logs up Tontine Hill, showing trows moored at the riverside

The Free Bridge, Jackfield, soon after it was constructed

The Malthouse, Coalbrookdale 87

Section through the pair of ironworking buildings at Newdale showing the underlying archaeology

The interior of the erecting shop, Coalbrookdale

The Coalbrookdale Works in the 1840s

(a) The Caughley China Works; (b) Mosaic workers

The Coalport China Works early in the nineteenth century

The Craven Dunnill Encaustic Tileworks at Jackfield, c.1878

Maws tileworks at Jackfield c.1915

The beginnings of settlement: Coalbrookdale and Madeley Wood before 1700

The Lloyds, Madeley Wood; (b) Severnside, Ironbridge

The impact of industrialisation: Coalbrookdale and Madeley Wood, c.1750

Upper Coalbrookdale in 1758

Jackfield and Calcutts, c. 1720 123

A Plan of Coalbrookdale, 1753

The beginnings of an urban landscape: Ironbridge and Coalbrookdale, c.1800

An urban landscape: Ironbridge and Coalbrookdale, c.1850

The south bank of the river in 1789

Ironbridge, c.1835

Severn Terrace, Ironbridge, c.1900

Jackfield, c.1890

The Plott of Broseley, Samuel Parsons map, c.162

The Plott for the Boundes of the Common in Broseley, c.1658

A Survey of Several Lands in the Lordshipp of Broseley, 1686

The plotted landscape: extracts from Samuel Parsons map

The plotted landscape survives: extract from the Broseley Tithe Map, 1840

Jockey Bank, Ironbridge, 1976

Madeley Wood, 1952

Ironbridge hillside, c 18901900

Contrasting building processes: two houses in Madeley Wood

Eighteenth-century cottage design in the Gorge

Creating a terrace: Barratts Hill, Broseley

Creating a terrace: Tea Kettle Row, Coalbrookdale

Charity Row, Coalbrookdale

A new urban style: mid-nineteenth-century houses in Ironbridge and Coalbrookdale

Mid-nineteenth-century houses in Coalbrookdale

Distinctive designs: houses in Ironbridge and Coalbrookdale

PREFACE

The literature of the landscape is a vast and continuously expanding one. But perhaps because of literal definition of landscape as scenic, there has been relatively little written on the landscapes of industry. The industrial landscape may seem to comprise waste heaps, ugly buildings, squalid houses, and is often dealt with in a perfunctory manner, as being too complex, or too destructive. Yet in shaping what we see around us, industrialisationnot just the Industrial Revolution but also the years preceding and succeeding ithas been of paramount importance.

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