Philip K. Wilson (editor) - The medicalization of obstetrics personnel, practice and instruments

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CHILDBIRTH

Changing Ideas and Practices in Britain and America 1600 to the Present

Series Editor

PHILIP K. WILSON

Truman State University

Assistant Editors

ANN DALLY

Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine (London)

CHARLES R. KING

Medical College of Ohio

SERIES CONTENTS

1. MIDWIFERY THEORY AND PRACTICE
2. THE MEDICALIZATION OF OBSTETRICS Personnel, Practice, and Instruments
3. METHODS AND FOLKLORE
4. REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCE, GENETICS, AND BIRTH CONTROL
5. DISEASES OF PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH

VOLUME

THE MEDICALIZATION OF OBSTETRICS PERSONNEL, PRACTICE , AND INSTRUMENTS

Edited with introductions by PHILIP K. WILSON Truman State University

First published 1996 by Garland Publishing, Inc.

This edition first published in 2021 by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Introductions copyright 1996 Philip K. Wilson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Childbirth : changing ideas and practices in Britain and America 1600 to the present / edited with introductions by Philip K. Wilson.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

Contents: v. 1. Midwifery theory and practice v. 2. The medicalization of obstetrics: personnel, practice, and instruments v. 3. Methods and folklore v. 4. Reproductive science, genetics, and birth control v. 5. Diseases of pregnancy and childbirth.

ISBN 0-8153-2230-5 (v. 1 : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8153-2231-3 (v. 2 : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8153-2232-1 (v. 3 : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8153-2233X (v. 4. : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8153-2234-8 (v. 5 : alk. paper)

1. ChildbirthUnited StatesHistory. 2. ChildbirthGreat BritainHistory. 3. ObstetricsUnited StatesHistory. 4. Ob-stetricsGreat BritainHistory. I. Wilson, Philip K., 1961.

[DNLM: 1. Obstetricstrends. 2. Midwiferytrends. 3. Pregnancy Complications. 4. Reproduction Techniques. 5. Genetic Counseling. 6. Contraception. WQ 10005356 1996]

RG518.U5C47 1995

618.40973dc20

DNLM/DLC

for Library of Congress

96-794

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-1-03-216579-0 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-03-216726-8 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-00-324960-3 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003249603

CONTENTS

• List of Illustrations
• Series Introduction
• Volume Introduction
• THE PERSONNEL AND PRACTICE
• What Birth Has Done for Doctors: A Historical View
• Dorothy C. Wertz
• The Regulation of English Midwives in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
• Thomas R. Forbes
• The Regulation of English Midwives in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
• Thomas R. Forbes
• Smolletts Defence of Dr. Smellie in
• The Critical Review Philip J. Klukoff
• When and Why Were Male Physicians Employed as Accoucheurs?
• William Goodell
• The Midwife: Her Future in the United States
• Arthur Brewster Emmons and James Lincoln Huntingdon
• Legislative Measures Against Maternal and Infant Mortality: The Midwife Practice Laws of the States and Territories of the United States
• John A. Foote
• The American Midwife Controversy: A Crisis of Professionalization
• Frances E. Kobrin
• The New York Maternal Mortality Study: A Conflict of Professionalization
• Charles R. King
• A Plea for a Pro-Maternity Hospital
• J.W. Ballantyne
• The Limitations and Possibilities of Prenatal Care
• J. Whitridge Williams
• Are We Satisfied with the Results of Ante-Natal Care?
• John S. Fairbairn, F.J. Browne, Ethel Cassie, and George F. Buchan
• Prenatal Care and Its Evolution in America
• Lawrence D. Longo and Christina M. Thomsen
• The Uses of Expertise in Doctor-Patient Encounters During Pregnancy
• Sandra Klein Danziger
• A Case of Maternity: Paradigms of Women as Maternity Cases
• Ann Oakley
• Midwives in Transition: The Structure of a Clinical Revolution
• Barbara Katz Rothman
• THE INSTRUMENTS OF OBSTETRICS
• The Technocratic Model of Birth
• Robbie E. Davis-Floyd
• On the Contractions of the Uterus throughout Pregnancy: Their Physiological Effects and their Value in the Diagnosis of Pregnancy
• J. Braxton Hicks
• The Study of the Infants Body and of the Pregnant Womb by the Rntgen Rays
• Edward P. Davis
• The History of the Obstetric Forceps
• H.G. Partridge
• The Prophylactic Forceps Operation
• Joseph B. DeLee
• A Criticism of Certain Tendencies in American Obstetrics
• J. Whitridge Williams
• The Classification of the Fetal Heart Rate: II. A Revised Working Classification
• E. H. Hon and E. J. Quilligan
• Innovation in Medical Practice: Obstetricians and the Induction of Labour in Britain
• M.P.M. Richards
• Prediction of Pregnancy Complications: An Application of the Biopsychosocial Model
• Gabriel Smilkstein, et al.
• Fetal Images: The Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction
• Rosalind Pollock Petchesky
• Acknowledgments
• Editors

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

• Figure 1. Forceps delivery as viewed from within the left side of the female pelvis. G. Spratt, Obstetric Tables (1847)
• Figure 2. The Man-Midwife dissected, showing the birthing environments offered by male vs. female midwives. I. Cruikshank etching from S.W. Forbes, ManMidwifery Dissected, 1793. (Wellcome Institute Library, London)
• Figure 3. Delivery with the aid of forceps and a variety of midwifery tools. Eighteenth-century engraving. (Wellcome Institute Library, London)

SERIES INTRODUCTION

Since most women are interested in the process of giving birth and all men have been born, it would appear, claimed Johns Hopkins University obstetrician Alan Guttmacher, that the topic of childbirth would above all other topics have universal appeal. Birth is also one of the most individual moments in each of our lives, but although we all share the experience of being delivered, the processes of delivery have been diverse. The social gathering around the childbed common in earlier times has, for many, been replaced by a more isolated hospital bed. Maternal fears of the pain and peril of procreation have, or so prevalent historiography would have us believe, intensified with the intervention of male midwives and obstetricians bringing along new tools of the trade. Markedly divergent beliefs about assisting in labor have created polarized factions of attendants. Some have followed wisdom similar to what Britains Percivall Willughby first espoused in 1640:

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