Cynthia Herhahn (editor) - Exploring cause and explanation : historical ecology, demography, and movement in the American Southwest

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Exploring Cause and Explanation

Proceedings of the Southwest Symposium

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The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare, and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond

edited by Michelle Hegmon

Contemporary Archaeologies of the Southwest

edited by William H. Walker and Kathryn R. Venzor

Exploring Cause and Explanation: Historical Ecology, Demography, and Movement in the American Southwest

edited by Cynthia L. Herhahn and Ann F. Ramenofsky

Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest

edited by Barbara J. Mills

Movement, Connectivity, and Landscape Change in the Ancient Southwest

edited by Margaret C. Nelson and Colleen Strawhacker

Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology

edited by Sarah H. Schlanger

Exploring Cause and Explanation

Historical Ecology, Demography, and Movement in the American Southwest

edited by Cynthia L. Herhahn and Ann F. Ramenofsky

13th Biennial Southwest Symposium

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

University of Colorado

Boulder

2016 by University Press of Colorado

Published by University Press of Colorado

5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C

Boulder, Colorado 80303

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of The Association of American University Presses.

The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University.

This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

The University Press of Colorado gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Southwest Symposium and the Department of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico toward the publication of this book.

ISBN: 978-1-60732-472-0 (cloth)

ISBN: 978-1-60732-473-7 (ebook)

Cynthia L. Herhahns institutional affiliation is listed for identification purposes only. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bureau of Land Management.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Herhahn, Cynthia, editor. | Ramenofsky, Ann F. (Ann Felice), 1942 editor.

Title: Exploring cause and explanation : historical ecology, demography, and movement in the American Southwest / edited by Cynthia Herhahn and Ann F. Ramenofsky.

Description: Boulder, Colorado : Published by University Press of Colorado, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016007762 | ISBN 9781607324720 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607324737 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Indians of North AmericaSouthwest, NewPopulation. | Indians of North AmericaSouthwest, NewAntiquities. | Human ecologyHistory. | Paleo-Indians.

Classification: LCC E78.S7 E89 2016 | DDC 979.004/97dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007762

Cover photograph, a portion of the supernova pictograph at Chaco Canyon, Mavrick/Shutterstock. Southwest Symposium logo by Will Russell.

In memorium
Lewis R. Binford, Linda Cordell, and Robert C. Dunnell... they changed the ways we think about the past.

Contents

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Ann F. Ramenofsky and Cynthia L. Herhahn

Ronald H. Towner

Mary M. Prasciunas, Vance T. Holliday, and Jesse A. M. Ballenger

Mark D. Elson, Michael H. Ort, and Kirk C. Anderson

Emily Lena Jones

Jeremy Kulisheck

Scott G. Ortman

Ann L. W. Stodder

Kathryn A. Kamp

B. Sunday Eiselt and J. Andrew Darling

Severin M. Fowles

Deborah L. Huntley

Sharon Hull, Frances Joan Mathien, and Mostafa Fayek

Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Karl W. Laumbach, Toni S. Laumbach, Virginia T. McLemore, and Stephen H. Lekson

Erik Simpson

Deborah L. Huntley, Jeffery J. Clark, and Mary F. Ownby

Maps

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Tables

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Figures

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Exploring Cause and Explanation

The Challenges of Cause and Explanation in Historical Ecology, Demography, and Movement

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ANN F. RAMENOFSKY AND CYNTHIA L. HERHAHN

One goal of the 13th Biennial Southwest Symposium was to explore the current state of regional archaeological knowledge across three significant themeshistorical ecology, demography, and movementrecently highlighted by Keith Kintigh and colleagues as grand challenges in the discipline (). Here, however, demography is treated as an independent domain in archaeological investigations. We viewed this focus as essential. Although trivial to say, without people there is no archaeological record.

Another goal of this volume is to consider the broader epistemological issues of cause and explanation in archaeology. The incorporation of these concepts is significant on several fronts. They provide the contextual and theoretical glue that binds the three themes together into a coherent whole. Consideration of cause and explanation honors the contributions of Southwest archaeologists to the discipline as a whole ( facilitates assessing the current and past state of knowledge within each domain. The assessment, in turn, ties back into the structure of the Southwest Symposium. The biennial meeting and subsequent publications of papers create a permanent record of development and change in archaeological knowledge that can be continually revisited. This structure allows us to evaluate older ideas and theories in light of new fieldwork and introduce new methods and techniques to evaluate what we thought we knew only a few years earlier.

Given the importance of cause and explanation to the volume as a whole, we begin by discussing these concepts at the scale of the discipline. To be consistent with this scale, we extend this discussion by examining cause and explanation within each theme at regional scales both outside and within the Southwest. This examination contextualizes how section leaders structured their topics. We end this chapter by introducing the organizational structure of the sections addressing each theme.

Cause and Explanation

During the heyday of Processualism, discussions of cause and explanation in scientific archaeology focused on universal laws, single causes, and the Deductive-Nomological model of explanation (). These shifts, however, do not make science pass or imply that discussions of cause and explanation are no longer relevant to the discipline. Revisiting these epistemological concerns is appropriate, especially in light of our goal of presenting and assessing current knowledge.

Cause and explanation address both how and why questions (). These questions are the scaffolding that supports cause and explanation, involving different causal mechanisms and different explanatory scales. How questions address process, or those steps, feedbacks, and interactions that result in one or more consequences. Answering why questions, however, requires variables external to the subject of explanation itself. Although process can be part of explanations addressing why, how questions need not include why.

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