Bess Beatty - Traveling Beyond Her Sphere: American Women on the Grand Tour 1814–1914
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A history of American women challenging domesticity by touring Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The nineteenth-century ideal of domesticity identified home as womens proper sphere, but the ideal was frequently challenged, profoundly so when woman left home and country to travel in foreign lands. This book explores the reasons for and ramifications of women making a Grand Tour, a trip to Europe, between 1814 and 1914; this century between major European wars witnessed the golden age of American Grand Tours.
Men and women alike were inspired by a Euro-centric education that valued the Old World as the fountainhead of their civilization. Reaching Europe necessitated an Ocean crossing, a disorienting time taking women far from domestic comfort. Once abroad, American women had to juggle accustomed norms of behavior with the demands of travel and customs of foreign lands. Wearing proper attire, even when hiking in the Alps, coping with unfamiliar languages, grappling with ever-changing rules about customs and passports, traveling alonethese were just some of the challenges women faced when traveling. Some traveled with their husband, others with female relatives and friends and a few entirely alone. Traveling companions had to agree on where to stay, when and where to dine, how to travel, and where to go.
The sinking of the Titanic in 1912 made clear that even in the twentieth century, a Grand Tour involved risk. Because more women survived then men, some insisted that the Titanics example should curb female independence. However, a growing number of women continued making a Grand Tour for the next two year. It was the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 that temporarily brought an end to a century of female Grand Tours.
Beattys ability to weave the experiences of hundreds of American women on the Grand Tour in Europe into a consistent narrative is per se a remarkable feat. But the author does much more than that. She uses the journey as trope to represent the long and difficult process of womens emancipation, in its several cultural, psychological, social, and political dimensions. Susanna Delfino, Professor of American History, retired. University of Genoa, Italy
The nineteenth-century ideal of domesticity identified home as womens proper sphere, but the ideal was frequently challenged, profoundly so when woman left home and country to travel in foreign lands. This book explores the reasons for and ramifications of women making a Grand Tour, a trip to Europe, between 1814 and 1914; this century between major European wars witnessed the golden age of American Grand Tours.
Men and women alike were inspired by a Euro-centric education that valued the Old World as the fountainhead of their civilization. Reaching Europe necessitated an Ocean crossing, a disorienting time taking women far from domestic comfort. Once abroad, American women had to juggle accustomed norms of behavior with the demands of travel and customs of foreign lands. Wearing proper attire, even when hiking in the Alps, coping with unfamiliar languages, grappling with ever-changing rules about customs and passports, traveling alonethese were just some of the challenges women faced when traveling. Some traveled with their husband, others with female relatives and friends and a few entirely alone. Traveling companions had to agree on where to stay, when and where to dine, how to travel, and where to go.
The sinking of the Titanic in 1912 made clear that even in the twentieth century, a Grand Tour involved risk. Because more women survived then men, some insisted that the Titanics example should curb female independence. However, a growing number of women continued making a Grand Tour for the next two year. It was the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 that temporarily brought an end to a century of female Grand Tours.
Beattys ability to weave the experiences of hundreds of American women on the Grand Tour in Europe into a consistent narrative is per se a remarkable feat. But the author does much more than that. She uses the journey as trope to represent the long and difficult process of womens emancipation, in its several cultural, psychological, social, and political dimensions. Susanna Delfino, Professor of American History, retired. University of Genoa, Italy
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Traveling Beyond Her Sphere
Traveling Beyond Her Sphere:
American Women on the Grand Tour,1814-1914
Bess Beatty
Copyright 2016 by Bess Beatty
New Academia Publishing, 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016906821
ISBN 978-0-9974962-2-2 paperback (alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-9974962-3-9 hardcover (alk. paper)
4401-A Connecticut Ave., NW #236 Washington DC 20008All photos and illustrations are reprinted with permission.
For Dieter Risch
Danke fr Alles
Contents
Acknowledgments
I was a member of the history department faculty of Oregon State University when I began this book. I thank colleagues there as well as those at the University of Oregon who offered me early encouragement and advice. An Oregon State Library Research Grant facilitated my first research and a Humanities Center Fellowship afforded me time to begin writing. Wendy Williams invited me to give a lecture in a series honoring her husband, William Appleman Williams; Julee Raiskin twice invited me to present my work-inprogress to classes at the University of Oregon. These talks were early opportunities to present my ideas publicly. Responses to papers I presented outside the United States gave me an international perspective. I especially thank my colleagues in the University of Zagrebs Department of English Studies where I was a Fulbright Scholar in 2005-2006 and apologize that I did not make reference to their wonderful city.
A number of friends and colleagues have offered me shelter which made it possible to extend the range of my research. Keith Crudgington and John McCole loaned their apartment near Harvard and Mary Stevenson welcomed me into her home in Brookline; their generosity made a lengthy research trip in the Boston area possible. Nell Cants hospitality (along with that of KLJ, SLJ, SvC, WW and LL) facilitated research at Duke and UNC. Howard Brick and Debbie Swartz, Cynthia Brokaw and Carol Berkin have also housed me for short research trips in their hometowns.
Several colleagues read part or all of the manuscript. Marilyn Farwell read several chapters early on and offered a number of useful suggestions. Laura Ferguson took time from writing her dissertation to read a complete draft and generously shared her skills as a historian. I am particularly thankful for her advice about recent secondary sources I needed to consult. Carol Berkin has been reading bits and pieces for years and has offered sound advice as well as the encouragement that was necessary to see this project to completion. Susannah Delfino forgave my apostasy in leaving behind southern textile workers and read the entire manuscript. She saved me from several errors about Italy as did Dieter Risch about Germany. Jenna Johnson did a thorough edit of a draft and helped shape the final book. Donna Baker offered good advice on a variety of matters. It was my great good fortune that Brenda Turner agreed to edit the completed manuscript; she is not only an excellent editor, but also has a keen eye for historical detail and saved me from errors. Nell Cant (with input from SLJ) also read the final version and is also an excellent editor. More errors were averted.
The input of several traveling companions has been more indirect yet still meaningful. Bobbi Christie was my companion and guide on several early trips to Europe. My Mother, Eleanor Spratt Hacker, was my mentor on all things Guido Reni; I apologize that he is not as esteemed here as she would have wanted. My sister, Nell Cant, joins me in pursuit of all things Roman.
My grandmother, Nell Rankin Spratt, and my great aunt, Bess Rankin, who traveled to Europe through books, did not live to see this book begun, but their spirit is in it. My mother and my aunts, Frances Spratt and Elizabeth Spratt, did not live to see the book finished, but their many years of encouragement and support made it possible.
I have twice had the good fortune to sail around the world as a professor for Semester at Sea. Thanks to all of my mates on my voyages in the Spring of 2008 and the Spring of 2011 who joined my adventures as we traveled far beyond our accustomed spheres. I especially thank Dieter Risch who shared the first voyage and many travel adventures since. This book is dedicated to him.
Preface
I Do Love Freedom So: Women and the Grand Tour
After his nine-month-long visit to the United States in the 1830s, Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville, whose keen-eyed observations were later published as Democracy in America , posited that the inexorable opinion of the public carefully circumscribes women within the narrow circle of domestic interests and duties and forbids her to step beyond it. The innumerable challenges to gendered social restrictions included the abundance of information available to women from childhood about faraway places, knowledge that inspired their dreams of traveling well beyond the appointed sphere.
Twenty-two-year-old Clara Mitchell, who traveled with the Campbell family in the summer of 1888, was amomg the thousands of American women in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries who stepped far outside their domestic sphere for a Grand Tour of Europe. Claras emotions fluctuated from loneliness to euphoria to boredom. Initially she was plagued with homesickness and would only sally forth with at least the company of teenager Sally Campbell; in time, however, she grew emboldenedtouring London all alone by myself and came to relish her independence.
My book is a study of American women who, like Clara Mitchell, made a Grand Tour of Europe between 1814, when a long century of war neared its end, and 1914, the year war again engulfed the continent. No other woman represented here recorded such an anguished plea to be free from the restraints imposed on her sex with Claras passion, but most recorded experiences that took them far from the genteel domesticity mandated in their day.
Grand Tour is the iconic name inherited from the ritualized trips young British males made beginning in the mid-seventeenth century as an aristocratic rite of passage.
The year-by-year rise of consumer capitalism mandated that to join the middle class, men make their entry into adulthood by The industrializing economy mandated new domestic responsibilities but also fueled greater educational opportunities and freed women from many traditional domestic tasks. Ironically, an industrializing society that first aspired to narrow their sphere also allowed women greater freedom to travel.
An ideal of genteel domesticity prevailed throughout the nineteenth century and into the next, but it was questioned and eroded across these years. The long-nineteenth century, the years from the French Revolution to the First World War, was one of enormous change for American women as almost every aspect of their lives was negotiated and adjusted. Inspired by Englishwoman Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women , published in the late-eighteenth century, American women, individually and, after the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention in 1848, collectively, demanded that their legal and social status be brought more in accord with the rights their republic granted men.
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