Frank Ennis - Infrastructure Provision and the Negotiating Process

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Infrastructure Provision and the Negotiating Process

For Sue, the angel of my heart with the heart of an angel.

Infrastructure Provision and the Negotiating Process

Edited by
Frank Ennis
Department of Environmental Planning
University of Strathclyde

First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Frank Ennis 2003

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Infrastructure provision and the negotiating process. -

(Urban and regional plannig and development)
1. City plannig 2. Infrastructure (Economics) - Finance
3. Negotiation
I. Ennis, Frank
307.1'216

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Infrastructure provision and the negotiating process / edited by Frank Ennis.

p. cm. -- (Urban and regional plannig and development series)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-7546-1243-8 (alk. paper)
1. City plannig. 2. Infrastructure (Economics) 3. Real estate development. 4. Real
estate developers. 5. Negotiation. I. Ennis, Frank. II. Series.

HT166.1544 2003
307.1'216--dc21

2002190872

ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-1243-8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-138-27741-0 (pbk)

Contents

Peter Ache

TU Hamburg-Harburg

AB 105 Stadt-, Regional- und

Umweltplanung

Arbeitsgebiet Stadtplanung

21071 Hamburg, Germany

e-mail: ache@tu-harburg.de

Richard Cardew

Graduate School of the Environment

Macquarie University

Sydney

NSW, Australia 2109

e-mail: rcardew@ecosys.gse.mq.edu.au

Jim Claydon

Faculty of the Built Environment

University of the West of England

Frcnchay Campus

Coldharbour Lane

Bristol BS 16 1QY

Jim Claydon@uwe.ac.uk

Frank Ennis

Department of Environmental Planning

University of Strathclyde

50 Richmond Street

Glasgow G768BN, UK

e-mail: f.ennis@strath.ac.uk

Gerrit Knaap and Emily Talen

Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning

University of IIIinois at Urbana

Champaign

Champaign, IL 61820, USA

e-mail: g.knaap @uiuc.edu

Simon Marvin and Simon Slater

Research and Graduate School

Faraday House RG106

University of Salford

Manchester M5 4WT, UK

e-mail: s.marvin@salford.ac.uk

Samuel Nunn

School of Public and Environmental Affairs

Indiana University-Purdue University

801 W. Michigan Street

Indianapolos

Indiana IN 462025152, USA

e-mail: snunn@iupui.edu

Paulo Pinho and Paula Pinto

Facuity of Engineering

University of Oporto

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n

4200-465 Oporto, Portugal

e-mail: pcpinho@fe.up.pt

Vincent Renard

Ecole Polytechnique

Laboratoire Econometrics

1 Rue Descartes,

75005 Paris, France

e-mail: renard@poly,plytechnic.fr

Ray Tomalty and Andrejs Skaburskis

School of Urban and Regional Planning

539 Polic y Studies Building

Queen's University

Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada

e-mail:

skabursk@fred.surp.queens.u.can
tomalty@fred.surp.queens.u.can

Roel of Verhage and Barrie Needham

School of Environmental Studies

University of Njimegen

PO Box 9108

6500 UK Njimegen, The Netherlands

e-mail: B.Needham@bw.kun.nl

VERHAGE@OTB.TU.Delft.nl

Hendrik W. van der Kamp

DIT Bolton Street

Bolton Street

Dublin 1, Eire

e-mail: hwvanderkamp@eircom.net

My thanks go to all those who have contributed to this book, for their ideas, their hard work and their patience with the editor.

My thanks also to Margaret Dunn who gave valuable assistance to me in preparing this book for publication.

Chapter 1
Infrastructure Provision and the Urban Environment

Frank Ennis

Introduction

The availability of infrastructure services is critical to the functioning of the modern urban environment. The presence, the absence, the quality of infrastructure services affects the well- being of residents, determines the efficient operation of the urban economy and assists in the effective functioning of property markets. In order to fulfil these purposes infrastructure services need to be widely and easily available. The chapters in this volume examine the means by which local government agencies attempt to secure necessary infrastructure in order to provide for the welfare of citizens and the effective operation of the urban economy.

One area of infrastructure provision has been a constant feature of discussion by writers on planning over the last two decades. That area covers consideration of the means by which local planning agencies secure infrastructure provision from developers through negotiations. This has been a matter of some controversy sparked by the concerns of developers and landowners that the cost of infrastructure provision affects the profitability of development. It is al so a matter of concern to writers on the British planning system because the operation of practices designed to secure benefits for the community in the opinion of some may suborn planning ethics. The focus of planners when considering a development may be on the material benefits rather than on planning considerations.

While such research has been useful in that it has assisted in the dissemination of knowledge regarding planning practice in different planning contexts and permits broader comparisons between the operation and functioning of planning systems, it only tells part of the story of infrastructure provision. In general it can be argued that not all of the infrastructure necessary to the functioning of modern urban environment is provided through finance raised from developers and landowners. There is clearly variation between different planning systems and infrastructure provision is financed through a variety of means operating at a national or a local level and by the private and the public sectors. What is needed here is a means by which infrastructure provided by developers and landowners secured through negotiation undertaken by local planning agencies can be understood with respect to infrastructure financed from other sources.

One reason why the negotiation of landowner/developer contributions has not been contextualised is because the relationship between infrastructure provision in its broadest sense and the planning system until recently has been a neglected area of research. The primary concern of planners both practitioners and theorists has been with the design and layout of cities and the problems associated therein. The focus has been on development of what is termed the 'superstructure', the form and shape of streets and the buildings that are placed on them. This failure is surprising in that the initial problems associated with urbanisation - inadequate sewerage provision, lack of clean water, lack of street lighting and so on were problems which resolved by the installation of infrastructure networks. This transformation of nineteenth-century urban environments was the progenitor of modern planning.

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