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United States. War Department - The Homing Pigeon

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The Homing Pigeon
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United States War Department / United States Army Signal Corps
Publisher:
Good Press
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Books / Romance novel
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2019
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WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL
TM 11-410

This manual supersedes TM 11410, 10 September 1940

THE HOMING
PIGEON

war office emblem

WAR DEPARTMENT JANUARY 1945

DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER.
The information contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5, 15 Mar 44.)

U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington: 1945

WAR DEPARTMENT
Washington 25, D. C., 1 January 1945

TM 11-410, The Homing Pigeon, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.

[AG 300.7 (6 Nov 44)]
By order of the Secretary of War :

G. C. MARSHALL
Chief of Staff

Official:
J. A. ULIO
Major General
The Adjutant General

Distribution :

AAF (10); AGF (10); ASF (10); Arm & Sv Bd (2); Dept (10); Tech Sv (2); Sv C (10); PC & S (1); Gen & Sp Sv Sch (10); USMA (1); ROTC (1); ROTC, Lib (1); A(10); CHQ (10); D(2); Bn(1); Bn 11(2); C 11(5); T/O & E 11-39 (50)

For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6.

CONTENTS

	Paragraph	Page
SECTION	I.	GENERAL
Purpose
Methods
Origin and history
Nature
Utility
II.	DESCRIPTION
General appearance
Weight
Plumage
Head
Neck
Body
Respiratory channels
Digestive organs
Bloom or milt
Molt
Varieties of feathers
III.	CARE
Loft
Preparation of loft to receive pigeons
Receipt of pigeons at loft
Watering
Feeding
Pigeon feed
Bathing
Catching and handling
IV.	LOFT MANAGEMENT AND RECORDS
Routine
Classification of pigeon colors
Records and reports
Banding
Loft equipment
Message holders
V.	TRAINING
Responsibility for training
Qualifications for pigeoneers
Introduction to pigeon training
Settling pigeons
Training for messenger service
Delivering pigeons by parachute
VI.	MATING AND BREEDING
Mating
Sex
Selection of stock
Line breeding
Nests
Control of breeding
Laying
Hatching and feeding
Identification
Culling
VII.	DISEASES AND MEDICINES
General
Prevention of disease
Control of disease
Anatomy and physiology
Indications of sickness
Diseases
External parasites
Internal parasites
Treatment of injuries
Medicines

This manual supersedes TM 11-140, 10 September 1940

SECTION I
GENERAL

1. Purpose

This manual provides instructions for proper breeding, care, and training of the homing pigeon, and for the selection and training of enlisted pigeoneers. With certain modifications this information can be used by all pigeon units serving field forces, both in theaters of operations and in the zone of the interior. Instructions in FM 24-5 for units using the homing pigeon in communication have not been repeated. The mission, function, and operation of a signal pigeon company and the tactical employment of pigeons are described in FM 11-80.

2. Methods

The methods prescribed in this manual are based upon experience. Accordingly, if any new procedures are found by experience to improve pigeon communication they should be submitted to the Chief Signal Officer for consideration.

3. Origin and History

The homing pigeon used by the Army for signal communication (referred to in this manual as pigeon, homing pigeon, and bird) is a distinct variety created through careful cross-breeding to obtain maximum distance and speed in controlled and directed flight. Homing pigeons are grouped in families or strains usually identified by the names of the civilian pigeon fanciers who bred them for many generations to develop certain characteristics of performance and appearance. When the several varieties of pigeons used to breed the modern homing pigeon actually originated is not certain. It is known, however, that the following varieties existed in England and Belgium before the nineteenth century, although the exact percentage and order of their blend have not been determined: Smerle, Horseman, Cumulet, Dragoon, Carrier, and Owl.

4. Nature

The principle of using homing pigeons as messengers is based on their instinctive attempt to return to their home lofts whenever they are removed some distance and released. They will do this even with an attached message or other light article. This desire to return is largely based on natural urges of hunger and reproduction. Because the pigeon has only one mate the reproductive urge is often the stronger. These impulses can be stimulated by controlled feeding, mating, and breeding without harming the pigeons health.

5. Utility

The pigeons usefulness to the Army is measured by the reliability and speed with which it returns to its loft. Speed and reliability are largely determined by the pigeons strain, physical condition, training, and treatment. Therefore any lowering of standards for these factors will be a serious handicap. Further handicaps are discussed in e below. Section V sets minimum ability standards for properly-trained, well-bred, healthy birds to be used by combat units as message carriers.

a. Breeding. Since physical characteristics and homing instinct are usually inherited from the parents, records are maintained for each pigeon. Then pairs are selected, mated, and allowed to produce young birds on the basis of these records, plus other desirable attributes described in section VI.

b. Condition. The physical condition of a pigeon greatly affects its performance. Therefore, study physical characteristics of pigeons and enforce procedures prescribed in sections III and VII for feeding, watering, and maintaining proper physical condition.

c. Training. Training of the pigeon begins at an early age, and is progressive and constant. The object is to settle the pigeon in its home loft in order to develop reliability and speed as described in section V.

d. Treatment. The pigeon is highly sensitive and responsive to kindness, firmness, reward for good performance, and calmness of personnel handling it. Make the loft as attractive as possible because the pigeon prizes its home.

e. Handicaps. Bad weather, darkness, and injury, as well as inadequacies in breeding, conditioning, and training, reduce efficiency of pigeons (see ).

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