Adam Cruise - Its Not About the Bats: Conservation, the coronavirus and how we must re-set our relationship with nature

Authors notes

In January 2015, 26 of the 38 members of the International Anthropocene Working Group published a paper suggesting that 1945, when the first nuclear test was conducted on 16 July, was the starting point of the proposed new epoch.

A total of 33 wild species, including lion, cheetah, rhino, giraffe and zebra, were reclassified as farm animals in May 2019 when the South African government approved a brief amendment to the Animal Improvement Act (AIA), which governs livestock breeding.

There is an Appendix III listing but this serves for bilateral agreements between countries to regulate trade and does not require the cooperation of other CITES Parties.

A term originally used to describe the five most difficult African mammals to hunt on foot. Now also used to describe the large, charismatic species most sought after by wildlife-watching tourists.

South Africa was excluded for the time being.

Burkina Faso, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali and Zambia.

The elephant is represented in the official CITES logo.

According to this source, countries freed of their high malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa, for example might recover the 1.3 per cent of growth in gross domestic product that the World Health Organization estimates they are cost by the disease each year, potentially accelerating their development (Janet Fang, Nature 466: 432434).

Namibia, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Patronisation is derived from the root word patriarch.

Emmanuel Levinas (19061995).

Note also the archaic use of the gender specific.

Carrington, D. (2020). Fifth of countries at risk of ecosystem collapse, analysis finds. The Guardian , 12th October 2020.

Ibid.

Introduction

Baize, S., Pannetier, D., Oestereich, L. et al. (2014). Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea. The New England Journal of Medicine 371: 14181425.

World Health Organization. (2018). Nipah Virus. 30 May.

Ibid.

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

Yuan, J. et al. (2010). Intraspecies diversity of SARS-like coronaviruses in Rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of SARS coronaviruses in humans. Journal of General Virology 91(4).

Cheng, V.C.C. et al. (2007). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20(4).

Jones, K.E. et al. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases . Nature 451: 990993.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Brondizio, E.S. et al. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services . IPBES Secretariat.

Carrington, D. (2017). Earths sixth mass extinction event under way, scientists warn. The Guardian , 10 May.

World Wildlife Fund. (2018). Living Planet Report 2018. WWF, Gland, Switzerland.

The Dodo. Government Portal of Mauritius.

Wills, K. (2013). Where do all these soybeans go? Michigan State University, 8 October.

Callicott, J.B. (2005). Intrinsic Value in Nature: A Metaethical Analysis . In J.B. Callicott & C. Palmer (eds). Environmental Philosophy: Critical Concepts Vol. I. Abingdon & New York: Routledge, p. 347.

Brennan, A. & Lo, Y. (2016). Environmental Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy , Winter 2016 edition, E.N. Zalta (ed.).

United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future . Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 Development and International Co-operation: Environment.

1. Weak (as opposed to strong) anthropocentrism

United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future . Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 Development and International Co-operation: Environment.

IUCN Species Program. (2016). IUCN Species Programme, in conjunction with the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and partners.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

CITES website, The CITES Appendices .

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), Bill of Rights.

Chase M.J., Schlossberg S., Griffin C.R., Bouch, P.J.C. et al. (2016). Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants. PeerJ 4: e2354.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Loxodonta africana (African Elephant).

World Wildlife Fund, Asian Rhinos.

CITES website, Rhinoceros.

Ibid.

CITES Press Release, 16 July 2008. Ivory sales get the go-ahead.

CITES Press Release, 12 November 2002. CITES sets strict conditions for any possible future ivory sales.

Rhinosalive.com. (2016). Calling all rhino owners, 23 June.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). What is an Inclusive Green Economy?

Ibid.

Ibid.

CITES website, What is CITES?

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

CITES website, The CITES Species.

Nadal, A. & Aguayo, F. (2014). Leonardos Sailors: A Review of the Economic Analysis of Wildlife Trade. Working Paper Series no. 6 (Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, School of Environment, Education and Development: The University of Manchester).

CITES website, Rhinoceros.

Nadal, A. & Aguayo, F. (2014). Leonardos Sailors: A Review of the Economic Analysis of Wildlife Trade. Working Paper Series no. 6 (Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, School of Environment, Education and Development: The University of Manchester).

Al-Jazeera. (2017). Online rhino horn auction set to open in South Africa, 21 August.

Nadal, A. & Aguayo, F. (2014). Leonardos Sailors: A Review of the Economic Analysis of Wildlife Trade. Working Paper Series no. 6 (Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, School of Environment, Education and Development: The University of Manchester).

CITES website, Rhinoceros.

Department of Environmental Affairs of the Republic of South Africa. (2018). Minister Molewa officially opens 3 rd Biodiversity Indaba in East London, 8 March.

Taylor, W.A., Lindsey, P.A. & Davies-Mostert, H. (2015). An Assessment of the Economic, Social and Conservation Value of the Wildlife Ranching Industry and its Potential to Support the Green Economy in South Africa . Johannesburg: Endangered Wildlife Trust.

Ibid.

Department of Environmental Affairs of the Republic of South Africa. (2018). Minister Molewa officially opens 3 rd Biodiversity Indaba in East London, 8 March.

Ibid.

Taylor, W.A., Lindsey, P.A. & Davies-Mostert, H. (2015). An Assessment of the Economic, Social and Conservation Value of the Wildlife Ranching Industry and its Potential to Support the Green Economy in South Africa . Johannesburg: Endangered Wildlife Trust.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

IUCN Species Survival Commission. (2012). IUCN SSC Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting As A Tool For Creating Conservation Incentives . Ver. 1.0. IUCN, Gland.

CITES Resolution Conf. 17.9 The trade in hunting trophies of species listed in Appendix I or II.

Department of Environmental Affairs of the Republic of South Africa. (2017). Department of Environmental Affairs Confirms Extension of Zero Quota for Leopard Hunting in South Africa , 16 January.