. | Topographical map of Israel
. | Palestine in the late Second Temple period
. | Jerusalem in the first century CE
. | Galilee in the first century CE
. | Khirbet Karqush village plan
. | Dead Sea Area (plus Herodium)
. | Galilee and Northern Samaria
. | The Dead Sea region
. | Khirbet el-Buraq
. | Galilee and the Golan (Meiron and Gamla)
. | Galilee with malarial zones
. | Lower Galilee (with Shikhin)
List of Tables
Intro. | Top archaeological discoveries for interpreting the historical Jesus
. | Average annual rainfall by zones
. | Average temperatures by zones
. | Villages sizes
. | Settlement categories
. | Village/city contrasts
. | Features in villages
| AppendixSynagogue Sizes from the First Century CE
. | Childhood phases
. | Age at marriage
. | Values of dowries at Elephantine
. | Marriage/Divorce contracts
. | Views of divorce and polygamy in the late Second Temple period
. | Inventory of house items Masada/Naal ever
. | Clothing samples
. | Food rations according to the Mishnah
. | Cooking vessels
. | Faunal remains
. | Plant remains
. | Gezer calendar
. | Agricultural year
. | Daily wages
. | Annual wages
. | Cost of bread
. | Estimates of necessary farm sizes
. | Womens daily tasks
. | The working class according to the skeletal remains
. | Stature in the late Second Temple period
. | Greek stature in the classical and Hellenistic periods
. | Jewish stature, ancient and modern
. | Stature comparisons (men)
. | Stature comparisons (women)
. | Major diseases in the ancient world i
. | Diseases of Deuteronomy
. | Intestinal parasites in the Roman Empire
. | Agrippa Is death
. | Seasons of mortality
. | Malarial infections
. | Skull pitting in ancient Israel
. | Cribra orbitalia in the Roman empire
. | Child mortality
. | Infant mortality at Parvum Gerinum (Tel Jezreel)
. | Youth mortality
. | Youth mortality in the Greco-Roman world
. | Life expectancy from birth
. | Life expectancy from adulthood
. | Life expectancy according to various findings
. | Population percentages
. | Archaeological distinctives of household Judaism
. | Rules of uncleanness in the Torah
. | Levels of uncleanness
. | Levels of holiness
. | Chemical analysis of clay lamps
. | Further chemical analysis of clay lamps
. | Grades of Purity in first century Judaism
List of Figures
. | The Judean hill country
. | Wilderness east of Jerusalem
. | Sea of Galilee
. | The Dead Sea
. | The Tyropoeon street, Jerusalem
. | Artists reconstruction of Jerusalem
. | Inside a wealthy familys house, Jerusalem
. | Artists reconstruction of the wealthy familys house
. | The Pool of Siloam, Jerusalem
. | Theater of Caesarea Maritima
. | Promontory palace, Caesarea
. | The circus of Caesarea
. | Artists reconstruction of Caesarea Maritima
. | The Aqueduct of Caesarea
. | Decumanus street, Sepphoris
. | Theater, Sepphoris
. | Sepphoris aqueduct
. | Artists reconstruction of Tiberias
. | Mikveh at Magdala
. | Village model
. | Gamla synagogue
. | Hill where Khirbet Qana located
. | Cistern opening
. | House at Umm Rihan
. | Mansion of Jerusalem
. | Villa of Sepphoris
. | Capernaum house with communal courtyard
. | Mansion at Ramat ha-Nadiv
. | Underground stable
. | Courtyard
. | Inside Arab house
. | Mediterranean diet pyramid
. | Wine press
. | Cooking pots
. | Casserole bowl
. | Arab men drinking coffee
. | Terraces
. | Olive crusher
. | Threshing floor
. | Mortality curve
. | Tomb niches
. | Herod family tomb
. | Tomb niches
. | Ossuaries
. | Rolling stone tomb
. | Faad of Beth Shearim catacombs
. | The oral Torah
. | Mikveh (Qumran)
. | Mikveh (Yodefat)
. | Mikveh (Jerusalem)
. | Stoneware
. | Herodian lamp
. | Replica lamps from Briton and Asia
. | Magdala synagogue
Acknowledgments
N o work is ever done entirely alone. I owe a debt to many who have written on these topics before me, to those who helped in a specific way to understand and clarify the issues, and to those who assisted me in securing resources for this research. Special thanks go to Professors David Instone-Brewer, Hanna Cotton, Mordechai Aviam, and Andrea Berlin for reading portions of this manuscript and offering advice. I have benefitted greatly from their counsel. I also thank the library staff of Kentucky Christian University for their eager assistance in securing many resources through interlibrary loan. They have made this endeavor more enjoyable by their timely help.
Further, I wish to thank those who gave permission to use their figures or maps gratis in this volume:
Shimon Dar gave permission for Map ., Figure ., and Map .
Balage Balogh gave permission to use Figure .
Bertelsman Unternehmensarchive gave permission to reuse Figures . and .
Danny Syon, Andrea Berlin, and the Israel Antiquities Authority allowed Figure .
Yossi Nagar and Hagit Torge gave permission for Figure .
Fortress Press graciously allowed the reuse of my previous publications that became Chapters ,, and in this volume.
Many thanks for these permissions.
Most importantly, I thank Molly, the love of my life, for her support during my research time and her tolerance of my purchasing yet another book to read for this project.
Abbreviations of Secondary Sources