Alistair F. Pitty - Introduction to Geomorphology

Volume 21

ALISTAIR F. PITTY

First published in 1971 by Methuen & Co Ltd

This edition first published in 2020

by Routledge

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1971 Alistair F. Pitty

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-18559-6 (Set)

ISBN: 978-0-429-19681-2 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-22024-2 (Volume 21) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-27313-1 (Volume 21) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

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The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Introduction to
Geomorphology

METHUEN & CO LTD

First published 1971 by

Methuen & Co Ltd, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Reprinted 1973 and 1977

1971 Alistair F. Pitty

Filmset in Photon Times 11 on 121/2pt by

Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press), Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk

and printed in Great Britain by

Fletcher & Son Ltd, Norwich, Norfolk

ISBN 0 416 29760 9

This paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

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BARNES & NOBLE IMPORT DIVISION

A great deal of the effort behind the presentation of this book is that of the technical and secretarial staff in the Department of Geography in the University of Hull, especially that of Mr Keith Scurr and Miss Wendy A. Wilkinson who drew the figures. Mr R. R. Dean arranged the schedule for drawing at a time when illustrations for a wide range of other publications were being requested. Mr A. Key assisted with the drawing at a final stage. Mr J. B. Fisher and Mr S. Moran prepared photographic prints of the drawings. The typing was done with great care by Miss C. Hay ward, who typed most of the text, and by Mrs B. Smith, assisted by Miss H. Coburn, who typed the appendix and the captions.

At the outset, when an attempt to span the breadth of geomorphology seemed scarcely possible I was particularly grateful to the following for their assistance in compiling information; when demands on the Map Library were not too heavy, the Curator, Miss A. M. Ferrar, arranged for her assistant, Miss B. Myers, to help with compilation; one of my tutorial groups, comprising Misses J. A. Cavanagh, S. V. Lloyd, C. A. Luland, M. D. V. Raybould, and Mr G. D. Sanderson; and Mrs P. A. Pitty, who also prepared abstracts used in parts of Chapter II. Research students who, by the thoroughness and enthusiasm of their assistance as demonstrators, helped to make my teaching commitments less exacting at the time when I was writing the book include Mr I. Reid (practicals), Mr D. W. John (tutorials), and Mr K. A. Falconer (field work). Previously Dr A. C. Imeson had assisted on these occasions. I am grateful to the publishers for their help and kind editorial assistance and advice. I am also grateful to many other members, past and present, of the University of Hull, for their continued interest in the progress of the work, particularly to Dr J. R. Dennett, Mr M. J. Hutchinson, Mr M. J. Burgess, Mr F. G. Gray, Miss P. Zalasinski, and Miss A. Holloway, and to many more geomorphologists than those listed in the bibliography and text, who, by their absorbing studies, have made a wide reading of the subject a most rewarding experience.

In addition to those who have helped in the immediate task of preparing this book, I would like also to acknowledge those who, at earlier stages, encouraged me to seek the rewards of studying geography in general and landforms in particular; my parents for encouraging me to admire and explore landscapes and for teaching me to use, value, and to draw maps; my sixth-form geography master, Mr Ian H. Watts, for showing me how to start learning for oneself, and the Department of Geology in the University of Manchester, particularly Dr F. M. Broadhurst, for most informative extramural courses; as an undergraduate the formation of first notions about geomorphology were influenced by the teaching .of my tutor, Dr J. M. Houston, by Dr R. P. Beckinsale, by Miss M. Marshall's special option on the history of the cycle of erosion concept, and by my post-graduate supervisor, Dr . M. Sweeting.

I hope that I can make these acknowledgements without associating any of the above with the shortcomings of this book.

The author and publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright figures and tables.

Journals/Editors

American Journal of Science for figs: I.4.E (Vol. 260), I.7 (Vol. 260), II.6 (Vol. 265), II. 10.A (Vol. 256), III. 1 (Vol. 257), III. 17 (Vol. 266), IV. 15.B (Vol. 268), IV.36.A (Vol. 263), IV. 36.C (Vol. 258), IV. 43.B (Vol. 264), IV.49.B (Vol. 262), V.l (Vol. 263), V.3.C (Vol. 258), V.5 (Vol. 261), V.7 (Vol. 265), V.27 (Vol. 255); Australian Geographical Studies for figs. I.3.C, IV.3 l.A; The Canadian Geographer for fig. IV.24.C; Economic Geology for figs. IV.42, V.13; Geografski Glasnik for fig. V.l 8; Geological Magazine for figs. I.5.A, I.5.B, I.6.A, IV.30.A, IV.45.D; Nature for figs. III.1, IV.26.B; Rassegna Speleologica Italiana for fig. V.17.A; Science, Volume 132, 1960, fig. 5. Copyright 1960 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, for fig. II.5.A; Scientific American, August 1960, page 88 for fig. IV. 34.J.

Publishers

Archiv fr Wissenschaftliche Geographie for figs. IV.45.E, V.6, V.12.D; Blackwell Scientific Publications for figs. III. 10, III.15.A; Clarendon Press for figs. I.8, I.9, III.12.B, III.29, IV.9.D, IV.26.C, IV.39.B, IV.44.B, V.4, V. 30, Table III.2, Table IV.2, Table V.3; Elsevier, Amsterdam, for figs. I.12, IV.13.A, IV.13.B, IV.18.D, IV.38; Eyrolles, Paris, for fig. V.25.C from Plages et cotes de sable by J. Larras; figs. I.4.B, IV.28.A, IV.34.AD, IV.36.B adapted from