This book originated in my doctoral dissertation defended at Emory University in 2013. I extend my sincere gratitude to Professor Carl R. Holladay, my dissertation advisor, particularly for his guidance in formulating the thesis of the research and his help on the final chapters. I am especially indebted to Professor Thomas S. Burns, who provided his expert advice on the matters of Roman history and was exceptionally thorough and helpful in checking and commenting on each chapter as it was written. In preparation for publication, my manuscript has greatly profited from improvements suggested by my other committee members, Professors Luke T. Johnson and Walter T. Wilson. The flaws that remain, of course, are entirely my own. Finally, this work would not have been possible except for the support and encouragement I received from my wife, to whom I dedicate this book.
Bibliography
Alfldy, Gza. Pontius Pilatus und das Tiberieum von Caesarea Maritima. Scripta Classica Israelitica 18 (1999): 85 108.
. Zur Beurteilung der Militrdiplome der Auxiliersoldaten. Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 17 (1968): 215 227.
Allason-Jones, Lindsay. Women in Roman Britain. London: British Museum Publications, 1989.
Allison, Penelope. Soldiers Families in the Early Roman Empire. In A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds, edited by Beryl Rawson, 161 182. Oxford: Blackwell, 2011.
Alston, Richard. Soldier And Society In Roman Egypt: A Social History. New York: Routledge, 1995.
. The Ties that Bind: Soldiers and Societies. In The Roman Army as a Community: Including Papers of a Conference Held at Birkbeck College, University of London on 11 12 January, 1997, edited by Adrian Goldsworthy and Ian Haynes, 175 196. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 34. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1999.
Ando, Clifford. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Appian, trans. Horace White. 4 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972 1979.
Applebaum, Shimon. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity 40. Leiden: Brill, 1989.. The Zealots: The Case for Revaluation. The Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971): 155 170.
Apuleius. The Golden Ass: Being the Metamorphoses of Lucius Apuleius, trans. William Adlington, and S. Gaselee. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Ash, Rhiannon. Ordering Anarchy: Armies and Leaders in Tacitus Histories. London: Duckworth, 1999.
Atkinson, Kathleen M. Tyrer. The Historical Setting of the Habakkuk Commentary. Journal of Semitic Studies 4 (1959): 238 263.
Atkinson, Kenneth. Herod the Great, Sosius, and the Siege of Jerusalem (37 B.C.E.) in Psalm of Solomon 17. Novum Testamentum 38 (1996): 313 322.
. I Cried to the Lord: A Study of the Psalms of Solomons Historical Background and Social Setting. Supplements to the Journal of Study of Judaism 84. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
Balsdon, J. P. V. D. The Emperor Gaius (Caligula). Oxford: Clarendon, 1934.
Barrett, Antony A. Caligula: The Corruption of Power. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Barrett, C. K. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1998.
Bauckham, Richard, ed. The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting. Vol. 4 of The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting. Edited by B. W. Winter. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995.
Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago, 1999.
Bickerman, Elias J. The Warning Inscriptions of Herods Temple. The Jewish Quarterly Review 37.4 (1947): 387 405.
Birley, Antony R. Making Emperors. In A Companion to the Roman Army, edited by Paul A. Erdkamp, 379 394. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Ancient History. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
Birley, Eric. Before Diplomas, and the Claudian Reform. In Heer und Integrationspolitik: Die rmischen Militrdiplome als historische Quelle, edited by Werner Eck and Hartrnut Wolff, 249 257. Kln: Bhlau, 1986.
Bishop, M. C., and J. C. N. Coulston. Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxbow, 2006.
Bond, Helen K. Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Bowman, Alen K. and J. Davis Thomas. The Vindolanda Writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). London: British Museum, 1994.
Braund, David. Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship. New York: St. Martins, 1984.
Breeze, David. J. The Career Structure below the Centurionate during the Principate. ANRW 1:435 451. Part 2, Principat, 1. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. New York: de Gruyter, 1974.
. A Note on the Use of the Titles Optio and Magister below the Centurionate during the Principate. Britannia 7 (1976): 127 133.
. Pay Grades and Ranks below the Centurionate. The Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971): 130 135.
Brlaz, Cdric. La scurit publique en Asie Mineure sous le Principat (IerIIIme s. ap. J.-C.). Basel: Schwabe, 2005.
Brent, Allen. The Imperial Cult and the Development of Church Order: Concepts and Images of Authority in Paganism and Early Christianity before the Age of Cyprian. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
Brink, Laurena Ann. Unmet Expectations: The Literary Portrayal of Soldiers in Luke-Acts. Ph.D. diss., The University of Chicago, 2009.
Brooke, George J. The Kittim in the Qumran Pesharim. In Images of Empire, edited by Loveday Alexander, 135 159. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 122. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991.
Broughton, T. R. S. Note XXXIII. The Roman Army. In Vol. 5 of The Beginnings of Christianity. Part I: The Acts of the Apostles, edited by F. J. Foakes Jackson and Kirsopp Lake, 427 445. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1933.
Bruce, F. F. The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. 3d rev. and enl. ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1990.
Brunt, P. A. Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army. Papers of the British School at Rome 18 (1950): 50 71.
Burns, Thomas S. Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.A.D. 400. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Burton, G. P. Proconsuls, Assizes and the Administration of Justice under the Empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1975): 92 106.
Caesar, Julius. Alexandrian War. African War. Spanish War, trans. A. G. Way. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.
. The Civil Wars, trans. A. G. Peskett. Loeb Classical Library. New York: Macmillan, 1914.
. The Gallic War, trans. H. J. Edwards. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1917.
Cagniart, Pierre. The Late Republican Army (146 30 BC). In A Companion to the Roman Army, edited by Paul A. Erdkamp, 80 95. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Ancient History. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
Campbell, Brian. The Marriage of Soldiers under the Empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 68 (1978): 153 166.
. Who Were the Viri Militares? The Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1975): 11 31.
Campbell, J. B. The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BCAD 235. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.