Nick Lewer - The Future of Non-Lethal Weapons: Technologies, Operations, Ethics and Law
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These essays explore the increase in interest in non-lethal weapons. Such devices have meant that many armed forces and law enforcement agencies are able to act against undesirables without being accused of acting in an inhumane way.Topics for discussion in this volume include: an overview of the future of non-lethal weapons; emerging non-lethal technologies; military and police operational deployment of non-lethal weapons; a scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of non-lethal weapons; changes in international law needed to take into account non-lethal technologies; developments in genomics leading to new chemical incapacitants; implications for arms control and proliferation; the role of non-lethal weapons in human rights abuses; conceptual, theoretical and analytical perspectives on the nature of non-lethal weapons development.
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The Future of Non-Lethal Weapons
First published in 2002 by
FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS
This edition published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2002 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd (collection); authors (chapters).
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The future of non-lethal weapons: technologies,
operations, ethics and law
1. Nonlethal weapons
I. Lewer, Nick
355.82
ISBN 0-7146-5309-8 (cloth)
ISBN 0-7146-8265-9 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The future of non-lethal weapons: technologies, operations, ethics, and law /
editor, Nick Lewer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7146-5309-8 (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-8265-9 (pbk.)
1. Nonlethal weapons. I. Lewer, Nick.
U795 .F88 2002
623.4-dc21 2002067437
The following chapters first appeared in Medicine, Conflict and Survival (ISSN 1362-3699), Vol. 17, No.3 (July-Sept. 2001): 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Chapter 3 first appeared in Peace and Change (ISSN 0149-0508), Vol.26, No.l (2001) and chapter 9 in Defense Studies (ISSN 1470-2436), Vol.l, No.2 (2001).
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers of this book.
Contents
Nick Lewer
John Alexander
David P. Fidler
Gerrard Quille
Brian Rappert
Steve Wright
Jorma Jussila
Colin Burrows
Jrgen Altmann
Nick Lewer and Tobias Feakin
Victor Wallace
Malcolm Dando
Guide
NICK LEWER
Interest in non-lethal weapons (NLWs), which have been defined as being explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or material while minimising fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment
- Qualitative advances in non-lethal weapons technology, including dual-use technology applications in civilian/military operations;
- Debates concerning the revolution in military affairs,
- A need to find alternatives to lethal methods in peacekeeping operations;
- An increasing role for military forces in operations other than war (OOTW) and military operations in urban terrain (MOUT), including peacekeeping operations;
- Situations in which combatants and non-combatants are mixed together, sometimes deliberately;
- Increasing resistance by domestic constituencies to accept deaths in war operations;
- Debates surrounding inhumane types of NLWs, such as blinding laser weapons;
- Requests from civilian law enforcement agencies and prison services for non-lethal arrest and restraint techniques;
- The concept of being able to fight a bloodless and humane war;
- The presence of international media in war zones and civil disturbances recording the brutality of violent conflict and responses to it.
There is increasing evidence of the use of NLWs in combat and peacekeeping operations. For example, in Kosovo US Marines have fired multi-foam baton rounds, sponge grenades and multi-rubber balls. As one Marine officer reported, The bottom line is, despite some issues, the use of non-lethal impact munitions saved lives and kept KFOR [Kosovo Peacekeeping Force] soldiers from having to immediately resort to deadly force.
Emerging Technologies
First- and second-generation non-lethal weapons (which include rubber and plastic bullets, bean bags, electric-shock weapons, incapacitant gases, batons, laser weapons This section will review some of the emerging and developing technologies.
- Landmines The Ottawa Treaty (1997) which banned the use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel landmines, accelerated research into non-lethal alternatives. A range of mines are now being developed including ones which fire out sticky entanglement nets, electrical stunning wires (a TASER Landmine), small rubber balls (Claymore type) and chemical incapacitants
- Encapsulation Technology is a rapidly developing field which finds particular utility in the delivery of NLWs by enabling their controlled and remote-release, making active materials easier and safer to handle and allowing compartmentalization of multiple component systems (binary chemical weapon systems).
- In a thermal-activated release, microcapsules could be deployed in front of a target ship and would then be sucked into the ships water cooling system. Inside the heat exchanger the microcapsule wall would melt, releasing a super adsorbent which would swell and create a gel that blocks the cooling system. The ship would be forced to stop because of overheating or ceased engine.
- In a pressure-activated release, microcapsules could be deployed in areas to be denied to opposing troops. They could be dropped by air (for example, from unmanned aerial vehicles [UAVs]), or delivered by mortar shells or missiles. When trodden upon, the shell ruptures and releases a malodorant (see below) or other chemical or biological agent.
- In a chemically-activated release, previously deployed microcapsules can be activated by, for example, water cannon when the shell is dissolved thus releasing the releasing malodorant.
The US Navy is currently researching a frangible payload dispensing projectile which would break open on impact and spray a chemical payload such as CS, CN or OC. - Thermobaric Technology for non-lethal personnel incapacitation. The US Navy is examining the feasibility of using thermobaric technology, which produces light, overpressure and heat, to incapacitate humans.
- Electromagnetic Directed Energy Weapons In early 2001 a new weapon developed in the US was unveiled whose aim, in Pentagon speak, is to influence motivational behaviour.
- Ship Defence Systems After the attack on the USS Cole in Aden, the US Navys Force Protection Task Force was briefed by the JNLWP on relevant non-lethal technologies to enhance ship security. These included the Running Gear Entanglement System to help augment ship perimeter defence systems.
- Such a UAV would also be capable of suppressing of air defences (aggressive attack using bombs and passive methods using jamming processes) and intelligence gathering. This confusion of roles would make it difficult for an enemy to know whether they faced a lethal or non-lethal threat and to frame their responses appropriately.
- Civil Policing The use, and potential use, of NLWs by civil police forces world-wide received wider publicity during 2001, especially because of the anti-globalization rioting, their use in other civil disturbances (situations associated with sporting events and a liquid stun gun where an electrical current travels along a jet of highly conductive water. This has a longer range than the usual Taser stunners (which just use electrical wires to deliver the charge), but is more cumbersome.
The Future of Non-Lethal Weapons
The majority of the articles contained in this book were first published in Medicine, Conflict and Survival [2001; 17 (3)]. They were developed from presentations at a conference in Edinburgh, December 2000, organized by the Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Project, which brought together a small working group of international experts reflecting a variety of perspectives and approaches under the heading of The Future of Non-Lethal Weapons: Technologies, Operations, Ethics and Law. Three extra pieces have been added to the collection by Malcolm Dando (an original contribution), Victor Wallace [Defense Studies 2001; 1 (2)] and Brian Rappert [Peace and Change 2001; 26 (1)]. As the studies in this collection will show, whilst there are evident advantages linked with non-lethal weapons, there are also key areas of concern associated with the development and deployment of such weapons, including:
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