Andrew Scull - Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era

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MADHOUSES, MAD-DOCTORS, AND MADMEN

MADHOUSES, MAD-DOCTORS,

AND MADMEN

The Social History of
Psychiatry
in the Victorian Era

ANDREW SCULL, Editor

Cover: Mania Succeeded by Dementia

A Swiss soldier, aged twenty-seven, admitted to the Charenton in Paris on 5 November 1827. According to Esquirol, his madness followed by a few weeks a dispute with his officers that had led to his demotion. At first his delirium was general; he talked incessantly, indulged in wild actions, ripped up and broke everything he could lay his hands on. Subsequently he became withdrawn, incoherent, then all but mute. This engraving shows him in the latter state, a period in which he spent a large part of each day crouching in an armchair, head sunk on his chest, eyes dull, but with a fixed stare.

(Source: Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol, Des Maladies Mentales [Paris: J. B. Baillire, 1838] 2:22930 and plate 13.)

Cover and illustrations on are reproduced here by courtesy of the Wellcome Trustees.

Copyright 1981 by University of Pennsylvania Press

All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Madhouses, mad-doctors, and madmen.

Includes bibliographical references.

Contents: The social history of psychiatry in the Victorian era / Andrew Scull Rationales for therapy in British psychiatry, 17801835 / William F. Bynum, Jr. Phrenology and British alienists, ca. 18251845 /

Roger Cooter [etc.]

1. PsychiatryGreat BritianHistory19th century. 2. Social psychiatryGreat BritianHistory19th century. 3. Great BritianHistoryVictoria18371901. I. Scull, Andrew T. [DNLM: 1. PsychiatryHistory. 2. History of medicine, 19th century. WM 11.1 M181]

RC450.G7M26 1981 616.89 00941 813365

ISBN 0812278011 AACR2

ISBN 0812211197 (pbk.)

For my father
and mother

Contents

ANDREW SCULL

ANDREW SCULL

WILLIAM F. BYNUM, JR.

ROGER COOTER

ANDREW SCULL

NANCY J. TOMES

ANDREW SCULL

JOHN WALTON

WILLIAM LL. PARRY-JONES

BARBARA SICHERMAN

BONNIE ELLEN BLUSTEIN

MICHAEL J. CLARK

ELAINE SHOWALTER

PETER MCCANDLESS

ROGER SMITH

Illustrations

Mania Succeeded by Dementia

Rushs Tranquillizer

Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane

A Case of Mania

Sir, Im not the Lunatic; that is the Lunatic

Contributors

BONNIE ELLEN BLUSTEIN is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Louisville, Kentucky. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. She has published articles on the history of neurology and biology and is currently working on a biography of the American neurologist, William Alexander Hammond, M.D.

WILLIAM F. BYNUM, JR., is chairman of the sub-department of the History of Medicine at University College, London, and Assistant Director of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. He received his M.D. from Yale University and his Ph.D. from Cambridge University. He is the author of numerous articles on the history of medicine and the history of science and is currently working, with Roy Porter and Michael Neve, on a history of British psychiatry from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, to be published by Athlone Press. He is also co-editor of Medical History.

MICHAEL J. CLARK is a graduate in Modern History of Linacre College, Oxford, currently researching the role of evolutionary physiological psychology in British psychiatric theory in the late nineteenth century. He has written two forthcoming papers, Evolutionary Physiological Psychology in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain, and Morbid Introspection and British Psychological Medicine, ca. 18301900, and is also interested in the nineteenth-century history of speech disorders and speech therapy.

ROGER COOTER is presently a Visiting Fellow at the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine at the University of Oxford. A social historian, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1978, was a fellow at the Calgary Institute for the Humanities in 197980, and a Killam fellow at Dalhousie University in 198081. He has published articles on British social history, the social context of science, and the politics of pseudoscience. His book The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain is to be published by Cambridge University Press. He is currently at work on a study of alternative medicine in the nineteenth century.

PETER MCCANDLESS is an Associate Professor of History at the College of Charleston, South Carolina. His publications include Build! Build!: The Controversy over the Care of the Chronically Insane in England, 18551870, in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1979. He is currently at work on a social history of insanity in nineteenth-century Britain.

WILLIAM LL. PARRY-JONES M.D., B. Chir., F.R.C. Psych., is Consultant Psychiatrist at the Warneford Hospital, Oxford, and Clinical Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of Oxford. He is a fellow of Linacre College, Oxford, and the author of The Trade in Lunacy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972).

ANDREW SCULL is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of California, San Diego. He previously taught at Princeton and the University of Pennsylvania, and during 197677 was an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow at University College, London. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and at Princeton University, he is the author of Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant: A Radical View (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), and Museums of Madness: The Social Organization of Insanity in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Allen Lane/New York: St. Martins Press, 1979). He has also written numerous articles in such fields as social history, the history of sociological thought, the sociology of the professions, and the sociology of social control. He is presently at work on a study of Durkheims sociology of law and a monograph on English ideas about insanity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

ELAINE SHOWALTER is a Professor of English at Douglass College, Rutgers University, New Jersey. She is the author of A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing, and is currently working on a study of madness, literature, and society in England from 1830 to 1970.

BARBARA SICHERMAN has taught at Hunter, Vassar, and Manhattanville Colleges, and most recently at Barnard College, Columbia University. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University. She is the author of The Quest for Mental Health in America, 18801917 (New York: Arno, 1980), and, with Carol Hurd Green, edited Notable American Women: The Modern Period (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). She is currently completing a book on Alice Hamilton.

ROGER SMITH is a Lecturer in the History of Science in the History Department of the University of Lancaster, England. He received his Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of Cambridge. He has published articles on the nineteenth-century evolutionary debate and on the history of physiological psychology. He serves as the editor of the British Society for the History of Science Monographs and is the author of a forthcoming book on the insanity defense in the nineteenth century, to be published by Edinburgh and Columbia University Presses.

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