Marvin Scott - The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending
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The assumption that rewards and punishments influence our choices between different courses of action underlies economic, sociological, psychological, and legal thinking about human action. Hence, the notion of a reasoning criminal-one who employs the same sorts of cognitive strategies when contemplating offending as they and the rest of us use when making other decisions-might seem a small contribution to crime control. This conclusion would be mistaken. This volume develops an alternative approach, termed the rational choice perspective, to explain criminal behaviour. Instead of emphasizing the differences between criminals and non-criminals, it stresses some of the similarities. In particular, while the contributors do not deny the existence of irrational and pathological components in crimes, they suggest that the rational aspects of offending should be explored. An international group of researchers in criminology, psychology, and economics provide a comprehensive review of original research on the criminal offender as a reasoning decision maker. While recognizing the crucial influence of situational factors, the rational choice perspective provides a framework within which to incorporate and locate existing theories about crime. In doing so it also provides both a new agenda for research and sheds a fresh light on deterrent and prevention policies.
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Ronald V. Clarke
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The REASONING CRIMINAL
The Reasoning Criminal
Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending
Derek B. Cornish
Ronald V. Clarke
editors
Ronald V. Clarke
editors
With a new introduction by Ronald V. Clarke
Originally published in 1986 by Springer-Verlag.
Published 2014 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
New material this edition copyright 2014 by Taylor & Francis.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2013025235
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The reasoning criminal: rational choice perspectives on offending / Derek B.
Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke, editors; with a new introduction by Ronald V.
Clarke.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4128-5275-3
1. Criminal psychology--Congresses. 2. Criminology--Congresses.
3. Decision making--Congresses. 4. Choice (Psychology)--Congresses.
I. Cornish, Derek B. (Derek Blaikie), 1939- II. Clarke, R. V. G.
HV6080.R38 2014
364.3--dc23
2013025235
The reasoning criminal: rational choice perspectives on offending / Derek B.
Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke, editors; with a new introduction by Ronald V.
Clarke.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4128-5275-3
1. Criminal psychology--Congresses. 2. Criminology--Congresses.
3. Decision making--Congresses. 4. Choice (Psychology)--Congresses.
I. Cornish, Derek B. (Derek Blaikie), 1939- II. Clarke, R. V. G.
HV6080.R38 2014
364.3--dc23
2013025235
ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-5275-3 (pbk)
Contents
- Chapter 1 Introduction
Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke - Chapter 2 Shoplifters' Perceptions of Crime
Opportunities: A Process-Tracing Study John Carroll and Frances Weaver - Chapter 3 Victim Selection Procedures Among Economic Criminals: The Rational Choice Perspective
Dermot Walsh - Chapter 4 Robbers as Decision-Makers
Floyd Feeney - Chapter 5 The Decision to Give Up Crime
Maurice Cusson and Pierre Pinsonneault - Chapter 6 A Decision-Making Approach to Opioid Addiction
Trevor Bennett
- Chapter 2 Shoplifters' Perceptions of Crime
- Chapter 7 On the Compatibility of Rational Choice and Social Control Theories of Crime
Travis Hirschi - Chapter 8 Linking Criminal Choices. Routine Activities, Informal Control, and Criminal Outcomes
Marcus Felson - Chapter 9 Models of Decision Making Under Uncertainty: The Criminal Choice
Pamela Lattimore and Arm Witte - Chapter 10 The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Decision Theory of Crime
Mary Tuck and David Riley - Chapter 11 The Decision to Commit a Crime: An Information-Processing Analysis
Eric Johnson and John Payne - Chapter 12 Offense Specialization: Does It Exist?
Kimberly Kempf - Chapter 13 Criminal Incapacitation Effects Considered in an Adaptive Choice Framework
Philip J. Cook - Chapter 14 Practical Reasoning and Criminal Responsibility: A Jurisprudential Approach
Alan Norrie
- Chapter 7 On the Compatibility of Rational Choice and Social Control Theories of Crime
Guide
Ronald V. Clarke
The Reasoning Criminal, in which Derek Cornish and I described a "rational choice perspective" (RCP) on crime, was first published in 1986. It soon went out of print and remained unavailable for twenty-five years until Transaction Publishers decided to produce this new edition. Two new books have also appeared this year intended to mark The Reasoning Criminal's original publication: Affect and Cognition in Criminal Decision Making (Van Gelder et al. 2013) and Cognition and Crime (Leclerc and Wortley 2013). The first book explores the scope for enrichment of the RCP by inclusion of recent findings about emotions, moods, and instinctual responses such as sexual arousal and anger, while the second presents a series of contributions on script analysis, the widely used concept developed by Derek Cornish (1994) after the original publication of the RCP.
In the introductory chapter to their book, Leclerc and Wortley state that: "The rational choice perspective has in equal measure been one of the most influential and criticised criminological models to emerge in the latter quarter of the twentieth century." (Leclerc and Wortley, 2013:3). As to the RCP's influence, they note that most criminology textbooks now devote an entire chapter, or chapter section, to the RCP and that: " The Reasoning Criminal has over 1,000 citations listed in Google Scholar, a figure that does not include citations to individual chapters within the edited collection." (Leclerc and Wortley, 2013:5).
Leclerc and Wortley distinguish two kinds of criticisms, theoretical and ideological. The latter have portrayed the RCPs advocates as politically conservative, administrative criminologists (Young 1994), who ignore the root causes of crime (such as poverty and relative deprivation) and thereby undermine the social reform agenda of sociological criminology. Furthermore, the administrative criminologists repressive model of crime will contribute to an unfair and divided society. Some of these critics (for example Akers, 1990) assume that the principal policy objective of the RCP is to strengthen punishment, which directly contradicts the fact, clearly stated in The Reasoning Criminal, that the RCP was intended to provide a more secure theoretical underpinning for situational crime prevention.
Derek Cornish and I chose not to respond piecemeal to these ideological criticisms, but we have answered them in review chapters (Cornish and Clarke, 2001, 2006, 2008) and they need claim no more of our attention here. The theoretical criticisms deserve more discussion, though they too were answered in the review chapters and in those by other authors (for example: Clarke and Felson 1993, 2011; Opp 1997; Felson and Clarke 1998, Farrell 2010). These criticisms mostly center on the presumption of offender rationality, which has been challenged on a variety of grounds, which include: (1) some crimes are "random" acts of violence and vandalism and therefore devoid of rational benefits; (2) offender's choices can hardly be rational when they are so often self-defeating (for example resulting in arrest and imprisonment); (3) some crimes such as sexual abuse are not the product of rational calculation but of deep-seated drives; (4) some crimes are motivated not by instrumental motives but by "existential" reasons such as thrill seeking; and (5) many impulsive and aggressive crimes are the result not of cool calculation, but of heightened emotional states such as rage or sexual arousal.
These limits on rationality are, in fact, easily accommodated within the RCP's "bounded" model of decision making (Simon 1978), under which rational is defined as purposive behavior, chosen to benefit the offender in some way. Compared with economic models, this sets a low bar for rationality and it would readily encompass, for example:
- offenders who take account of only a few benefits and risks at a time
- those who give only limited time and effort to a decision, especially when under the influence of drugs, alcohol or strong emotions
- those unduly influenced by the rewards of crime not its potential costs
- Those who might consider only the chances of being apprehended not the punishments that would await them
- those who react almost instantly to an insult or a challenge
To repeat, it matters only to the RCP that the offender chooses to commit a crime in the expectation of a resulting benefit. For example, offenders who instantly attack those who insulted them, could have chosen instead to name-call or to leave the scene to fetch a weapon. That they attacked was most likely the result of a split-second judgment that they would win the ensuing fight. However quick this decision, it would still fall within the RCP's definition of rational. Leclerc and Wortley's conclusion to their review of the theoretical criticisms made of the RCP is therefore undoubtedly correct: "Suffice to say it seems clear that in many cases critics are responding to what they assume the rational choice perspective is about rather than to what Cornish and Clarke have actually said." (Leclerc and Wortley, 2013:4). As an aside, perhaps Derek Cornish and I might have avoided much fruitless criticism had we called the RCP, the Bounded Rational Choice Perspective (BRCP), which might have signaled at least to some potential critics that our version of rational choice was different from the conventional economic model.
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