First published in 2008 by
The Crowood Press Ltd,
Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, SN8 2HR
www.crowood.com
Revised edition 2013
This e-book edition first published in 2013
Andy McCrea 2008 and 2013
All rights reserved. This e-book is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the authors and publishers rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
ISBN 978 1 84797 544 7
Disclaimer
The author and publisher do not accept responsibility, in any manner whatsoever, for any error, or omission, nor any loss, damage, injury, adverse outcome or liability of any kind incurred as a result of the use of any of the information contained in this book, or reliance upon it. Readers are advised to seek specific professional advice relating to their particular house, project and circumstances before embarking on any building or installation work.
Renewable energy markets have some big drivers behind them these days. Firstly, more and more people are suspecting that there isnt as much oil and gas left as we are being told. This problem has become known as peak oil. Crudely speaking, this is the time when all the oil discovered, and to be discovered, is half gone: the time when oil supply stops growing, starts becoming increasingly unaffordable, and sets us on the road to a world where only the super-rich can afford to drive and fly.
Faced with this possibility, some want to turn to the Canadian tar sands and to coal. In Canada, there is a lot of tar sand that, after much burning of gas to melt the tar, can be turned into oil. In other countries, there is plenty of coal and, after much emission of gas, that too can be turned into oil.
Oil companies are trying to turn themselves into tar and coal companies. This is a big mistake. To do this, they need to forget about a second mega-problem that is going to change our lives: global warming.
The thermostat of our planet is in danger of running out of control. The impacts of this global overheating are snowballing. Economies are being ruined (think of the Mexican floods in Tabasco province). Living systems are being decimated (think of coral bleaching). Lives are being turned on end (think of Hurricane Katrina, the Australian drought, and so on). Much worse is to come unless we change.
In 1939, when Winston Churchill said we are entering a time of consequences, he wasnt kidding. The British face the same magnitude of threats now as we did then. Invasion, of a kind. Ruin, just as bad as bombing. Not just the Brits. Everyone.
We all have to mobilize as though for world war, just as in 1939. Then in a big hurry we made bombers, fighters and tanks faster than you would have believed possible. But in the war weve got to fight today, we need different weapons.
First, we need energy conservation of all kinds. Second, we need energy efficiency of all kinds. Third, we need renewable energy of all kinds.
This imperative is what makes books like Andys so important. We need people to have faith that renewables can deliver, if we just but give them a chance. By marrying renewable energy with energy conservation and efficiency in our homes, office and factories we stand a chance. Without making these changes we really dont and time is running out.
Jeremy Leggett, Executive Chairman, Solarcentury
DEDICATION
To my children, John and Suzanne, and the future generations who will live in the energy-hungry world of the future.
To my wife, Shirley, without whom this would not have been possible.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to my many colleagues and the organizations, too many to mention individually, who offered and provided information and images used throughout this book. The captions associated with the images and figures give the name/type of the product/system/service and the name of the company that manufactures/supplies or operates it, where appropriate.
The depiction of, and reference to, specific products/system/services should not be taken as endorsement of them and no responsibility can be accepted for the subsequent use of such.
Acknowledgements are also made, where relevant, to other sources from which images and information may have been adapted or taken. Details of the relevant organizations, contacts and companies are given in the Useful Information section at the end of each chapter.
To ensure that we move rapidly to a low carbon economy embracing the concept of zero carbon housing, it will be necessary to build super-insulated dwellings and integrate a range of renewable technologies at the design and construction stage. We have no hope of achieving ambitious targets for carbon reduction (60 per cent by 2050) without recourse to bold initiatives.
RENEWABLE ENERGY NEW ENERGY?
Renewable energy, despite the inference in the name, is anything but new. Indeed, most of the technologies now involved have been in the service of man for a very long time. The current thirst to understand more about these technologies has been fuelled by a range of imperatives, perhaps most significantly a keener awareness that we have been abusing the Earths resources for too long and the growing anticipation that dire consequences are now just about to arrive. The perception is that the worlds weather has become more unpredictable and extreme, with almost daily reports of flooding, hurricanes, tornados, tsunamis and record-breaking temperatures some of it on our very doorstep and much of it being blamed directly (rightly or wrongly) on climate change.
The sun, the wind and water power have been lightening the load of mankind for many centuries, but it is only recently that their potential has been pursued with unprecedented vigour. It always seems that our continental neighbours, in countries like Denmark, Germany and Sweden, are ahead in progress towards the necessary sustainable solutions, but recent advances and new government thinking on energy have made these renewable technologies much more accessible closer to home.
At first sight renewables appear to offer a utopian solution to the problems of modern energy demand, but everything comes at a price and their wide-scale deployment is anything but straightforward. For most governments of the world, fuel security and protection of the environment is now in the front line of policy and recently green credentials have become vote capital on the hustings, with leaders from the major political parties trying to gain the edge by posturing as more environmentally friendly than their opponents.
There is also something inbuilt in each of us that recognizes that the environment is precious and its despoilment is wrong even though we continue to demand more and more energy with apparent disregard for the consequences. As we shall see, one challenge of the zero carbon house concept is that the demand for electricity to drive our ever more sophisticated electronic appliances and entertainment systems is rising steadily. It is a fact of life that energy is central to our modern civilization but concerns about climate change, combined with rising energy costs and a fear of uncertainty around future energy supplies, have fuelled the drive for greater delivery of renewable energy. We all now aspire to minimize our carbon footprint and hope for a sustainable energy future that will provide us with the standard of living we have come to accept, but which will not compromise that of future generations. Renewable technologies appear to offer a partial solution, providing both low carbon heat and electricity (on the shoulders of conservation and energy efficiency) to help us move forward on this objective.